Potential human health risk of the emerging environmental contaminant 6-PPD quinone

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 949, P. 175057 - 175057

Published: July 26, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Exposure to 6-PPD quinone disrupts glucose metabolism associated with lifespan reduction by affecting insulin and AMPK signals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 363, P. 142975 - 142975

Published: July 29, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Child exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its derived quinone (6PPDQ) in e-waste areas: Urinary concentrations, sources, and health effect assessment

Journal of Environmental Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 153, P. 217 - 228

Published: July 27, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Distinct Species-Specific and Toxigenic Metabolic Profiles for 6PPD and 6PPD Quinone by P450 Enzymes: Insights from In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 9, 2024

The tire rubber antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone product (6PPDQ) are prevalent emerging contaminants, yet their biotransformation profiles remain poorly understood, hampering the assessment of environmental health risks. This study investigated phase-I metabolism 6PPD 6PPDQ across aquatic mammalian species through in vitro liver microsome (LM) incubations silico simulations. A total 40 metabolites from seven pathways were identified using highly sensitive nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Notably, was consistently detected as a metabolite with an approximate 2% yield, highlighting neglected indirect exposure pathway for organisms. calculated to form facile two-step phenyl hydroxylation 6PPD, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Distinct species-specific metabolic kinetics observed, fish LM demonstrating retarded rates compared LM, suggesting vulnerability vertebrates these contaminants. Intriguingly, two novel coupled which predicted exhibit elevated toxicity result C–N oxidative coupling P450s. These unveiled offer valuable insights risk 6PPDQ, may inform future studies regulatory actions.

Language: Английский

---

Characterizing the Metabolism of Tire Rubber-Derived p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Identify Potential Exposure Biomarkers in Humans

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 5, 2024

There is growing evidence of the frequent detection tire rubber-derived contaminants

Language: Английский

---

p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and PPD-quinones (PPD-Qs) in human urine and breast milk samples: Urgent need for focus on PPD-Qs and the establishment of health threshold criteria

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 480, P. 136176 - 136176

Published: Oct. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Environmental occurrence, fate, human exposure, and human health risks of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 957, P. 177742 - 177742

Published: Nov. 29, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Inhalation exposure to tire rubber particle-sourced pollutant 6PPD-quinone involving basolateral amygdala impairment in male ICR mice

Journal of Advanced Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Structure and Toxicity Characterization of Alkyl Hydroxylated Metabolites of 6PPD-Q

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 8, 2025

Distinct from other nontoxic phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (PPD) quinones, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was recently discovered to be regioselectively metabolized alkyl hydroxylated metabolites (alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q) in rainbow trout. It remains unknown whether the unique alkyl-OH-6PPD-Q contributes toxicity of 6PPD-Q. To test this, we herein synthesized chemical standards isomers and investigated their metabolic formation mechanism toxicity. The predominant confirmed on C4 tertiary carbon (C4-OH-6PPD-Q). C4-OH-6PPD-Q only observed microsomal but not cytosolic fractions trout (O. mykiss) liver S9. A general cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitor fluoxetine inhibited 6PPD-Q, supporting that CYP450 catalyzed hydroxylation. This well-explained compound- regio-selective C4-OH-6PPD-Q, due weak C-H bond carbon. Surprisingly, while cytotoxicity for 6PPD-Q C3-OH-6PPD-Q a coho salmon kisutch) embryo (CSE-119) cell line, no C4-OH-6PPD-Q. further confirm this under physiologically relevant conditions, fractionated formed microsome Cytotoxicity fraction In summary, study highlighted as key moiety both metabolism hydroxylation is detoxification pathway

Language: Английский

---

Assessment of tire-derived additives and their metabolites into fruit, root and leafy vegetables and evaluation of dietary intake in Swiss adults

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 494, P. 138432 - 138432

Published: May 1, 2025

Tire wear particles, released at an estimated 6 million tons annually worldwide, introduce various chemical substances into agricultural environments through atmospheric deposition, road runoff, and reclaimed wastewater. These tire-derived compounds are known to impact ecosystem health. This study investigates the transfer of such additives their metabolites vegetables, assessing human dietary intake. Using UPLC-MS/MS, eleven tire-related were analyzed in 100 vegetable samples from nine Swiss retailers, including leafy (lettuce, cabbage, spinach), root (onion, potato, carrot), fruit (tomato, bell pepper, zucchini, pumpkin) vegetables. Contamination was detected all varieties. 31 % contained benzothiazole (BTH), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), 6-PPD, or 1,3-dicyclohexylurea (DCU) levels exceeding limit quantification (LOQ) whereas blank values remained below LOD. DPG most frequently (18 %, n = 100), followed by 6-PPD (15 DCU (10 BTH (3 100). Spinach comprised 78 DPG-positive samples. Daily intakes 6-PPDQ, DCU, vegetables 0-18.7, 0-57.7, 0-42.3, 0-42.4 ng/person/day, respectively. While current toxicological data suggest no immediate health concerns, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term toxicity. offers critical insights presence agriculture underscores need for further research better assess environmental risks.

Language: Английский

---