Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Nov. 21, 2023
Abstract
Minor
ginsenosides
exhibit
superior
pharmacological
activity
compared
to
major
ginsenosides,
yet
their
presence
in
plants
is
limited.
Therefore,
it
crucial
efficiently
obtain
minor
ginsenosides.
Specific
glycoside
hydrolases
offer
the
advantage
of
converting
into
specific
counterparts
under
mild
reaction
conditions
while
minimizing
structural
damage.
In
this
study,
we
utilized
total
extracted
from
Panax
notoginseng
leaves
as
substrates
stimulate
growth
Aspergillus
niger
NG1306.
Transcriptome
analysis
revealed
that
Anglu
04478
potentially
participates
biotransformation
process
Subsequently,
was
cloned
and
expressed
Transetta
(DE3).
The
An
Glu04478
protein
purified
by
Ni
2+
column
its
enzymatic
properties
were
characterized.
results
show
optimum
pH
4.5
temperature
40°C,
Cu
had
a
certain
inhibitory
effect
on
Glu04478,
other
metal
ions
little
it.
tolerance
ethanol,
not
significantly
affected
product
(glucose)
feedback
inhibition.
Using
p
NPG
substrate,
kinetic
parameter
K
m
1.55
mmol/L,
V
max
0.014
mmol/min.
test
with
substrate
showed
could
selectively
hydrolyze
glucose
ginsenoside
Rb1,
Rb2,
Rb3
Rc
at
C3,
putative
metabolic
pathway
Rb1
→
GypXVII,
Rb2
C-O,
C-Mx1
C-Mx,
→C-Mc1.These
findings
indicate
exhibits
promiscuity
β-glucosidase,
thereby
expanding
options
for
biotransformation.
Current Issues in Molecular Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
46(3), P. 2320 - 2342
Published: March 11, 2024
Rare
ginsenoside
compound
K
(CK)
is
an
intestinal
microbial
metabolite
with
a
low
natural
abundance
that
primarily
produced
by
physicochemical
processing,
side
chain
modification,
or
metabolic
transformation
in
the
gut.
Moreover,
CK
exhibits
potent
biological
activity
compared
to
primary
ginsenosides,
which
has
raised
concerns
field
of
ginseng
research
and
development,
as
well
ginsenoside-related
dietary
supplements
products.
Ginsenosides
Rb1,
Rb2,
Rc
are
generally
used
substrate
generate
via
several
bioconversion
processes.
Current
shows
wide
range
pharmacological
actions,
including
boosting
osteogenesis,
lipid
glucose
metabolism,
oxidation,
insulin
resistance,
anti-inflammatory
anti-apoptosis
properties.
Further
on
bioavailability
toxicology
can
advance
its
medicinal
application.
The
purpose
this
review
lay
groundwork
for
future
clinical
studies
development
therapy
disorders.
Furthermore,
pharmacology
investigated
review.
findings
indicate
modulates
signaling
pathways
associated
AMPK,
SIRT1,
PPARs,
WNTs,
NF-kB.
It
also
demonstrates
positive
therapeutic
effect
non-alcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD),
obesity,
hyperlipidemia,
diabetes,
complications,
osteoporosis.
Additionally,
analogues
showed
more
bioavailability,
less
toxicity,
efficacy
against
states.
Enhancing
regulating
hazardous
variables
crucial
use
trials.
ACS Food Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
4(3), P. 747 - 756
Published: March 6, 2024
Oleaginous
microorganisms
have
a
large
potential
to
be
cell
factory
produce
naringenin
due
their
active
fatty
acid
anabolism
offering
amounts
of
malonyl-CoA
as
the
substrate
for
synthesis.
However,
only
few
studies
reported
production
flavonoids
in
oleaginous
microorganisms,
e.g.,
Yarrowia
lipolytica
and
Rhodosporidium
toruloides.
The
fungus
Mucor
circinelloides
produces
β-carotene
15–36%
dry
weight
lipids.
This
study
is
first
time
engineer
an
fungus,
M.
circinelloides,
by
heterologously
expressing
flavonoid
biosynthetic
genes
4CL,
CHS,
CHI
recombinant
product
from
p-coumaric
acid.
Limitation
this
present
work
that
titer
produced
strains
2.2
mg/L
degradation
may
exist
circinelloides.
Moreover,
also
provided
three
gene
expression
platform
driven
promoters
transplant
synthesis
pathway
interesting
natural
products
into
model
Finally,
multifunctional
obtained
effectively
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
72(31), P. 17510 - 17523
Published: July 25, 2024
To
convert
ginsenosides
Rb1,
Rb2,
Rb3,
and
Rc
into
Rd
by
a
single
enzyme,
putative
β-glycosidase
(Pxbgl)
from
the
xylan-degrading
bacterium
Petroclostridium
xylanilyticum
was
identified
used.
The
kcat/Km
value
of
Pxbgl
for
Rb3
18.18
±
0.07
mM–1/s,
which
significantly
higher
than
those
other
ginsenosides.
converted
almost
all
to
with
productivity
5884
μM/h,
346-fold
that
only
β-xylosidase
Thermoascus
aurantiacus.
Panax
ginseng
root
notoginseng
leaf
146
995
respectively.
Mutants
N293
K
I447L
site-directed
mutagenesis
based
on
bioinformatics
analysis
showed
an
increase
in
specific
activity
29
7%
toward
This
is
first
report
can
simultaneously
remove
four
different
glycosyls
at
C–20
position
natural
PPD-type
produce
as
sole
product
P.
extracts
highest
productivity.
Rare
ginsenoside
compound
K
(CK),
is
an
intestinal
microbial
metabolite
with
a
low
natural
abundance
that
primarily
produced
by
physicochemical
processing,
side
chain
modification,
or
metabolic
transformation
in
the
gut.
Moreover,
CK
exhibits
potent
biological
activity
compared
to
primary
ginsenosides,
which
has
raised
concerns
field
of
ginseng
research
and
development
as
well
ginsenosides-related
dietary
supplements
products.
Ginsenosides
Rb1,
Rb2,
Rc
are
generally
used
substrate
generate
via
several
bio-conversion
processes.
Current
shows
wide
range
pharmacological
actions
including
boosting
osteogenesis,
lipid
glucose
metabolism,
oxidation,
insulin
resistance,
anti-inflammatory,
anti-apoptosis
properties.
Further
on
bioavailability
toxicology
can
advance
its
medicinal
application.
The
purpose
this
review
lay
groundwork
for
future
clinical
studies
therapy
disorders.
Furthermore,
pharmacology
investigated
review.
findings
indicate
modulates
signal-ing
pathways
associated
AMPK,
SIRT1,
PPARs,
WNTs,
NF-kB.
It
also
demonstrates
positive
therapeutic
effect
nonalcoholic
fatty
liver
disease,
obesity,
hyperlipidemia,
diabetes,
complications,
osteoporosis.
Additionally,
analogues
showed
more
bioavailability,
less
toxicity,
efficacy
against
disease
states.
Enhancing
regulating
hazardous
variables
crucial
use
trials.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
71(44), P. 16669 - 16680
Published: Oct. 9, 2023
β-Glycosidase
from
Sulfolobus
solfataricus
(SS-BGL)
is
a
highly
effective
biocatalyst
for
the
synthesis
of
compound
K
(CK)
glycosylated
protopanaxadiol
ginsenosides.
In
order
to
improve
thermal
stability
SS-BGL,
molecular
dynamics
simulations
were
used
determine
residue-level
binding
energetics
ginsenoside
Rd
in
SS-BGL-Rd
docked
complex
and
identify
top
ten
critical
contributors.
Target
sites
mutations
determined
using
dynamic
cross-correlation
mapping
residues
via
Ohm
server
networks
distal
that
interact
with
key
residues.
rationally
based
on
site
characteristics.
Single
mutants
then
recombination
hits
led
two
most
promising
variants
SS-BGL-Q96E/N97D/N302D
SS-BGL-Q96E/N97D/N128D/N302D
2.5-fold
3.3-fold
increased
half-lives
at
95
°C,
respectively.
The
enzyme
activities
relative
those
wild-type
conversion
161
116%,
respectively..
