Recent Progress in Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Combined Electrophysiological and Electrochemical Sensing

Biosensors, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 100 - 100

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

Understanding brain function requires advanced neural probes to monitor electrical and chemical signaling across multiple timescales regions. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used record neurophysiological activity various depths regions, providing single-unit resolution for extended periods. Recent advancements in flexible MEAs, built on micrometer-thick polymer substrates, have improved integration with tissue by mimicking the brain's soft nature, reducing mechanical trauma inflammation. These flexible, subcellular-scale MEAs can stable signals months, making them ideal long-term studies. In addition recording, been functionalized electrochemical neurotransmitter detection. Electroactive neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, be directly measured via methods, particularly carbon-based surfaces. For non-electroactive neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, alternative strategies, enzyme immobilization aptamer-based recognition, employed generate signals. This review highlights recent developments MEA fabrication functionalization achieve both electrophysiological recordings, minimizing sensor fowling damage when implanted long-term. It covers multi-time scale detection, development of conducting nanomaterial composite coatings enhance sensitivity, incorporation recognition carbon electrodes MEAs. Finally, it summarizes strategies acquire measurements from same device.

Language: Английский

Intranasally Delivered Echinacoside Micelles Modulate Mitochondrial Fusion Against Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 30, 2025

Abstract The disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis in neurons accounts for the onset and progression postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Echinacoside (ECH) can facilitate fusion to mediate neuroprotection, but its therapeutic efficacy is greatly limited by inefficient brain accumulation neuronal delivery. Herein, ECH‐encapsulated micelles are constructed from copolymer containing poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA) block phenylboronic acid (PBA)‐modified poly(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate block, which mediates effective, brain‐targeted delivery via intranasal administration. In POCD mice, efficiently penetrate nasal mucosa betaine structure PCBMA that be recognized betaine‐GABA transporter 1 (BGT‐1) on epithelial cells, followed into hippocampus through submucosal olfactory trigeminal nerve pathways. Subsequently, internalized BGT‐1‐mediated endocytosis. over‐produced reactive oxygen species inside trigger dissociation ECH release, thereby inducing enhance neuron survival, ameliorate cerebral microenvironment, restore memory functions. This study reports a non‐invasive strategy overcome physiological barriers against drug renders profound implications treatment.

Language: Английский