Journal of Nanobiotechnology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: July 20, 2023
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
nano-sized,
natural,
cell-derived
that
contain
the
same
nucleic
acids,
proteins,
and
lipids
as
their
source
cells.
Thus,
they
can
serve
natural
carriers
for
therapeutic
agents
drugs,
have
many
advantages
over
conventional
nanocarriers,
including
low
immunogenicity,
good
biocompatibility,
blood
–
brain
barrier
penetration,
capacity
gene
delivery.
This
review
first
introduces
classification
of
EVs
then
discusses
several
currently
popular
methods
isolating
purifying
EVs,
EVs-mediated
drug
delivery,
functionalization
carriers.
Thereby,
it
provides
new
avenues
development
EVs-based
strategies
in
different
fields
medicine.
Finally,
highlights
some
challenges
future
perspectives
with
regard
to
clinical
application
EVs.
Graphical
Theranostics,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(7), P. 3183 - 3195
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Exosomes
are
cell-derived
nanovesicles
that
involved
in
the
intercellular
transportation
of
materials.
Therapeutics,
such
as
small
molecules
or
nucleic
acid
drugs,
can
be
incorporated
into
exosomes
and
then
delivered
to
specific
types
cells
tissues
realize
targeted
drug
delivery.
Targeted
delivery
increases
local
concentration
therapeutics
minimizes
side
effects.
Here,
we
present
a
detailed
review
engineering
through
genetic
chemical
methods
for
Although
still
its
infancy,
exosome-mediated
boasts
low
toxicity,
immunogenicity,
high
engineerability,
holds
promise
cell-free
therapies
wide
range
diseases.
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
121(3), P. 1746 - 1803
Published: Jan. 14, 2021
Nanomaterial
(NM)
delivery
to
solid
tumors
has
been
the
focus
of
intense
research
for
over
a
decade.
Classically,
scientists
have
tried
improve
NM
by
employing
passive
or
active
targeting
strategies,
making
use
so-called
enhanced
permeability
and
retention
(EPR)
effect.
This
phenomenon
is
made
possible
due
leaky
tumor
vasculature
through
which
NMs
can
leave
bloodstream,
traverse
gaps
in
endothelial
lining
vessels,
enter
tumor.
Recent
studies
shown
that
despite
many
efforts
employ
EPR
effect,
this
process
remains
very
poor.
Furthermore,
role
effect
called
into
question,
where
it
suggested
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10(11), P. 2156 - 2170
Published: April 19, 2020
Macrophages
have
a
leading
position
in
the
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
which
paves
way
to
carcinogenesis.
Initially,
monocytes
and
macrophages
are
recruited
sites
where
develops.
Under
guidance
of
different
microenvironmental
signals,
would
polarize
into
two
functional
phenotypes,
named
as
classically
activated
(M1)
alternatively
(M2).
Contrary
anti-tumor
effect
M1,
M2
exerts
anti-inflammatory
tumorigenic
characters.
In
progressive
tumor,
tumor-associated
(TAMs)
majority,
being
vital
regulators
reacting
upon
TME.
This
review
elaborates
on
role
TAMs
progression.
Furthermore,
prospective
macrophage-focused
therapeutic
strategies,
including
drugs
not
only
clinical
trials
but
also
at
primary
research
stages,
summarized
followed
by
discussion
about
their
application
values.
Nanoparticulate
systems
with
efficient
drug
delivery
improved
antitumor
summed
up
this
article.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
52(7), P. 1761 - 1770
Published: June 5, 2019
Extracellular
vesicles
are
nanoparticles
produced
by
cells.
They
composed
of
cellular
membrane
with
associated
proteins
that
surrounds
an
aqueous
core
containing
soluble
molecules
such
as
and
nucleic
acids,
like
miRNA
mRNA.
important
in
many
physiological
pathological
processes
they
can
transfer
biological
from
producer
cells
to
acceptor
Preparation
the
niche
for
cancer
metastasis,
stimulation
tissue
regeneration
orchestration
immune
response
examples
diverse
which
extracellular
have
been
implicated.
As
a
result,
these
formed
source
inspiration
scientific
fields.
could
be
used,
example,
liquid
biopsies
diagnostics,
therapeutics
regenerative
medicine,
or
drug
delivery
vehicles
transport
medicines.
In
this
Account,
we
focus
on
applications.
learn
more
about
vesicles,
complexity
increases.
What
originally
appeared
relatively
uniform
population
is
increasingly
subdivided
into
different
subsets.
Cells
make
various
distinct
vesicle
types
whose
physicochemical
aspects
composition
influenced
parental
cell
type,
activation
state,
local
microenvironment,
biogenesis
pathway,
intracellular
cargo
sorting
routes.
It
has
proven
difficult
assess
effects
changes
production
protocol
characteristics
cell-derived
population.
On
top
that,
each
isolation
method
necessarily
enriches
certain
classes
subpopulations
while
depleting
others.
Also,
varying
degree
purity
concomitant
coisolation
nonvesicular
material.
emerges
staggering
heterogeneity.
This
constitutes
one
main
challenges
field
small
protocols
may
large
impact
subsequent
activity.
We
try
meet
challenge
careful
experimental
design
development
tools
enable
robust
readouts.
By
engineering
surface
through
chemical
techniques,
favorable
enforced
unfavorable
qualities
overruled
masked.
coupled
precise
evaluation
interaction
determine
uptake
routes
routing.
Sensitive
reporter
assays
reproducible
analysis
functional
delivery.
systematic
optimization
improves
our
insight
critical
determinants
activity
should
improve
translation
clinical
application
engineered
new
class
systems.
Advanced Healthcare Materials,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(5)
Published: June 24, 2021
Over
the
past
decades,
lipid-based
nanoparticle
drug
delivery
systems
(DDS)
have
caught
attention
of
researchers
worldwide,
encouraging
field
to
rapidly
develop
improved
ways
for
effective
delivery.
One
most
prominent
examples
is
liposomes,
which
are
spherical
shaped
artificial
vesicles
composed
lipid
bilayers
and
able
encapsulate
both
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
materials.
At
same
time,
biological
nanoparticles
naturally
secreted
by
cells,
called
extracellular
(EVs),
emerged
as
promising
more
complex
biocompatible
DDS.
In
this
review
paper,
differences
similarities
in
composition
evaluated,
critical
mediators
that
affect
their
pharmacokinetics
elucidate.
Different
strategies
been
assessed
tweak
liposomes
EVs
explored,
detailing
effects
on
circulation
targeting
capacity,
cytoplasmic
therapeutic
cargo.
Finally,
whether
a
hybrid
system,
consisting
combination
only
constituents
vesicles,
could
offer
best
worlds
discussed.
Through
these
topics,
novel
leads
further
research
provided
and,
importantly,
gain
insight
what
liposome
EV
can
learn
from
each
other.
Journal of Hematology & Oncology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Sept. 3, 2021
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
cell-derived
membrane
structures
enclosing
proteins,
lipids,
RNAs,
metabolites,
growth
factors,
and
cytokines.
EVs
have
emerged
as
essential
intercellular
communication
regulators
in
multiple
physiological
pathological
processes.
Previous
studies
revealed
that
mesenchymal
stem
cells
(MSCs)
could
either
support
or
suppress
tumor
progression
different
cancers
by
paracrine
signaling
via
MSC-derived
EVs.
Evidence
suggested
mimic
their
parental
cells,
possessing
pro-tumor
anti-tumor
effects,
inherent
tropism.
Therefore,
can
be
a
cell-free
cancer
treatment
alternative.
This
review
discusses
insights
regarding
EVs'
roles
summarizes
bioengineered
EVs’
applications
safe
versatile
agent
delivery
platforms.
Meanwhile,
current
hurdles
of
moving
from
bench
to
bedside
also
discussed.
