Direct regeneration of degraded lithium-ion battery cathodes with a multifunctional organic lithium salt

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 3, 2023

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is an effective approach to alleviating environmental concerns and promoting resource conservation. LiFePO4 have been widely used in electric vehicles energy storage stations. Currently, lithium loss, resulting formation Fe(III) phase, mainly responsible for the capacity fade cathode. Another factor poor electrical conductivity that limits its rate capability. Here, we report use a multifunctional organic salt (3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile dilithium) restore cathode by direct regeneration. degraded particles are well coupled with functional groups salt, so fills vacancies cyano create reductive atmosphere inhibit phase. At same time, pyrolysis produces amorphous conductive carbon layer coats particles, which improves Li-ion electron transfer kinetics. restored shows good cycling stability performance (a high retention 88% after 400 cycles at 5 C). This can also be recover transition metal oxide-based cathodes. A techno-economic analysis suggests this strategy has higher economic benefits, compared traditional methods.

Language: Английский

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A hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte with finely-tuned solvation chemistry for high-performance zinc-ion batteries

Energy & Environmental Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 2540 - 2549

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

A hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte with a water-deficient solvation structure and reduced free water in bulk solution is proposed, resulting highly reversible stable Zn anodes.

Language: Английский

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A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Principles, Challenges and Opportunities

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(14)

Published: Feb. 3, 2023

Abstract As the dominant means of energy storage technology today, widespread deployment lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) would inevitably generate countless spent at their end life. From perspectives environmental protection and resource sustainability, recycling is a necessary strategy to manage end‐of‐life LIBs. Compared with traditional hydrometallurgical pyrometallurgical methods, emerging direct technology, rejuvenating electrode materials via non‐destructive way, has attracted rising attention due its efficient processes along increased economic return reduced CO 2 footprint. This review investigates state‐of‐the‐art technologies based on effective relithiation through solid‐state, aqueous, eutectic solution ionic liquid mediums thoroughly discusses underlying regeneration mechanism each method regarding different battery chemistries. It concluded that can be more energy‐efficient, cost‐effective, sustainable way recycle LIBs compared approaches. Additionally, it also identified still in infancy several fundamental technological hurdles such as separation, binder removal electrolyte recovery. In addressing these remaining challenges, this proposes an outlook potential technical avenues accelerate development toward industrial applications.

Language: Английский

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Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 52(23), P. 8194 - 8244

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Unlike conventional recycling methods that focus on 'extraction', direct aims for 'repair', which necessitates selecting and designing a strategy based the failure mechanisms of spent lithium ion battery materials.

Language: Английский

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Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 2839 - 2887

Published: March 1, 2024

The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about disposal recycling spent batteries. However, rate worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit promotion battery rate: outdated technology most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based methods rely on continuous decomposition extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes many chemical reagents. These are tedious worse economic feasibility, products mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify process improve benefits, novel in urgent demand, direct recycling/regeneration therefore proposed a next-generation method. Herein, comprehensive review origin, current status, prospect provided. We have systematically analyzed summarized their limitations, pointing out necessity developing methods. A detailed analysis for discussions advantages, obstacles conducted. Guidance future toward large-scale industrialization well green efficient systems also

Language: Английский

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Progress, challenges, and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling: A review

Journal of Energy Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89, P. 144 - 171

Published: Oct. 19, 2023

Language: Английский

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Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 145(13), P. 7288 - 7300

Published: March 6, 2023

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an urgent task to address the issues of resource shortage and potential environmental pollution. However, direct recycling LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode is challenging because strong electrostatic repulsion from a transition metal octahedron in lithium layer provided by rock salt/spinel phase that formed on surface cycled severely disrupts Li+ transport, which restrains replenishment during regeneration, resulting regenerated with inferior capacity cycling performance. Here, we propose topotactic transformation stable into Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2 then back NCM523 cathode. As result, relithiation reaction low migration barriers occurs facile transport channel (from one octahedral site another, passing through tetrahedral intermediate) weakened repulsion, greatly improves regeneration. In addition, proposed method can be extended repair black mass, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiCoO2 cathodes, whose electrochemical performance after regeneration comparable commercial pristine cathodes. This work demonstrates fast process modifying channels, providing unique perspective LIB

Language: Английский

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A Universal Molten Salt Method for Direct Upcycling of Spent Ni‐rich Cathode towards Single‐crystalline Li‐rich Cathode

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(25)

Published: April 21, 2023

Abstract With ever‐increasing pursuit for high‐value output in recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), traditional methods of cathodes tend to be obsolete because the complicated procedures. Herein, we first upcycle polycrystal LiNi 0.88 Co 0.095 Al 0.025 O 2 (S‐NCA) high value‐added single‐crystalline and Li‐rich cathode materials through a simple but feasible LiOH‐Na SO 4 eutectic molten salt strategy. The situ X‐ray diffraction technique series paratactic experiments record evolution process upcycling prove that excessive Li occupies transition metal (TM) layers. Beneficial from nature, regenerated NCA (R‐NCA) exhibits remarkably enhanced electrochemical performances terms long‐term cyclability, high‐rate performance low polarization. This approach can also successfully extended other e.g., x y Mn z (NCM) mixed NCAs with varied degree loss.

Language: Английский

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Rejuvenating LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode directly from battery scraps

eScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(2), P. 100091 - 100091

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications. However, current methods mostly focus on spent batteries, which not only require sophisticated disassembly extraction but also have unknown chemistries states of health, resulting in high costs extreme challenges to achieve regeneration. Here, we propose the direct effective regeneration air-degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode directly from scraps generated during manufacturing. The NCM523 shows surface degradation a few nanometers deep accordingly can be regenerated without adding Li, achieving restored properties (170 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 92.7% retention after 1000 cycles) similar those fresh commercial materials. EverBatt analysis that scrap has profit $1.984 ​kg−1, ∼10 times higher than conventional recycling, making it practical economical rejuvenate slightly degraded electrode materials

Language: Английский

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Salt-thermal methods for recycling and regenerating spent lithium-ion batteries: a review

Green Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 2992 - 3015

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The state-of-the-art salt-thermal method to recycle spent LIBs enables preferential Li recovery, recovery of anode/cathode material, direct regeneration degraded and one-step re-synthesis advanced functional materials.

Language: Английский

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