Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 45(5), P. 720 - 735

Published: Jan. 6, 2020

Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative affective states, habit strong stimulus-response associations, or compulsion insensitivity to costs imposed on seeking. Laboratory animal and human evidence for these three theories is evaluated. Excessive goal theory supported dependence severity being associated with greater choice/economic demand. demonstrably (driven the expected of drug) can augmented stress/negative mood induction withdrawal-effects amplified those psychiatric symptoms use coping motives. Furthermore, confer risk dependence, motives mediate this risk. Habit has weaker support. Habitual behaviour seen drug-exposed animals often does not occur complex decision scenarios, where responding rewarded, so unlikely explain most addictive conditions apply. studies have found propensity habitual users as function severity, minority that explained task disengagement producing impaired explicit contingency knowledge. Compulsion also weak The persistence punished seeking better (evinced association economic demand) than costs. provided discount cost severity. These data suggest primarily under affect, less compulsion. Addiction pathological because states powerfully increase acutely outweighing abstinence goals.

Language: Английский

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Optimizing exposure therapy with an inhibitory retrieval approach and the OptEx Nexus

Behaviour Research and Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 104069 - 104069

Published: March 14, 2022

Language: Английский

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Sharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biased

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(4)

Published: Jan. 17, 2023

Why do people share misinformation on social media? In this research (N = 2,476), we show that the structure of online sharing built into platforms is more important than individual deficits in critical reasoning and partisan bias-commonly cited drivers misinformation. Due to reward-based learning systems media, users form habits information attracts others' attention. Once form, automatically activated by cues platform without considering response outcomes such as spreading As a result user habits, 30 40% false news shared our was due 15% most habitual sharers. Suggesting part broader pattern established media platforms, also challenged their own political beliefs. Finally, not an inevitable consequence habits: Social sites could be restructured build accurate information.

Language: Английский

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Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior

Learning & Behavior, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 49(4), P. 349 - 362

Published: Oct. 28, 2021

Abstract This article reviews recent findings from the author’s laboratory that may provide new insights into how habits are made and broken. Habits extensively practiced behaviors automatically evoked by antecedent cues performed without their goal (or reinforcer) “in mind.” Goal-directed actions, in contrast, instrumental because is remembered valued. New results suggest actions transition to habit after extended practice when conditions encourage reduced attention behavior. Consistent with theories of learning, a behavior command less (and become habitual) as its reinforcer becomes well-predicted environment; learning prevented if presentation uncertain. Other not permanent, goal-direction can be restored several environmental manipulations, including exposure unexpected reinforcers or context change. more context-dependent than goal-directed are. Habit causes retroactive interference way reminiscent extinction: It inhibits, but does erase, way. The have implications for understanding habitual control well disordered like addictions.

Language: Английский

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Opposing Roles of the Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 42(10), P. 2039 - 2051

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

The shift in control from dorsomedial to dorsolateral striatum during skill and habit formation has been well established, but whether striatal subregions orchestrate this cooperatively or competitively remains unclear. Cortical inputs have also implicated the toward automaticity, it is unknown they mirror their downstream targets across transition. We addressed these questions using a five step heterogeneous action sequencing task male rats that optimally performed by automated chains of actions. By optimizing automatic habitual responding, we discovered loss function accelerated sequence acquisition. In contrast, impeded acquisition sequencing, demonstrating functional opposition within striatum. Unexpectedly, mPFC was not involved; however, lateral orbitofrontal cortex critical. These results current theories about behavior model competitive opposition, where interferes with development dorsolateral-striatum dependent behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT provide most direct evidence date compete for sequences. critical behavior, enhanced addition, found required Using optimizes demonstrate arbitration modulated medial prefrontal cortical activity. However, find role sequencing. implications our understanding how habits skills form.

Language: Английский

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Pathways to the persistence of drug use despite its adverse consequences

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(6), P. 2228 - 2237

Published: March 30, 2023

Abstract The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the presentation, diagnosis, and impacts addiction. Eventual recognition appraisal these is to decisions reduce or cease use. However, most appropriate ways conceptualizing face remain unclear. Here we review evidence that there are at least three pathways persistent use negative A cognitive pathway for consequences, motivational valuation behavioral responding consequences. These dynamic, not linear, with multiple possible trajectories between them, each sufficient produce persistence. We describe pathways, their characteristics, brain cellular circuit substrates, highlight relevance different self- treatment-guided behavior change.

Language: Английский

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Theory of reinforcement schedules

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(3), P. 289 - 319

Published: Sept. 14, 2023

Abstract The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity an organism; (2) that is bounded by competition from other responses; (3) animals approach their signs, guided temporal physical conditions, together called “contingencies reinforcement.” Mathematical models each these comprised mathematical (MPR; Killeen, 1994) . Over ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews basic theory its extensions satiation, warm‐up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, sequential control in progressive‐ratio multiple schedules. In latter cases, a single equation balancing target competing responses governs behavioral contrast momentum. Momentum intrinsic fundamental equations, behavior unspools more slowly highly aroused conditioned higher rates incitement than it does leaner Habits have accrued substantial Operant responses, being predictors reinforcement, approached making them: sight feel paw on lever placing lever, attempted for any reinforcement. Behavior concurrent schedules governed momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications pharmacology delay discounting noted.

Language: Английский

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Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: a multilaboratory investigation

Learning & Memory, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 29(1), P. 16 - 28

Published: Dec. 15, 2021

It has been suggested that there are two distinct and parallel mechanisms for controlling instrumental behavior in mammals: goal-directed actions habits. To gain an understanding of how these systems interact to control behavior, it is essential characterize the by which balance between influenced experience. Studies rodents have shown amount training governs relative expression systems: Behavior following moderate training, but more extensively action trained, becomes habitual. less clear whether humans exhibit similar effects on habitual as human studies reported contradictory findings. tackle findings, we formed a consortium, where four laboratories undertook preregistered experimental induction habits manipulating training. There was no statistical evidence main effect formation However, exploratory analyses suggest moderating affective component stress impact over habit expression. Participants who were lower appeared be initially goal-directed, became with increased whereas participants high already even after thereby manifesting insensitivity overtraining effects. Our findings highlight importance role variables such individual differences anxiety when studying humans.

Language: Английский

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Habits, Goals, and Effective Behavior Change

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(4), P. 226 - 232

Published: June 3, 2024

Why do we act on habit even when intend to something else? The answer lies in memories, or context-response associations, that form people repeat rewarding actions stable contexts. Although habits can as pursue goals, once develop, the perception of context directly activates response mind. Because activation does not depend strongly motivation, changing intentions has limited impact memory. Instead, successful habit-change interventions behavior itself: Along with classic therapy interventions, change (a) reward systems new habits, (b) disruption cues forestall mind, and (c) friction makes habitual difficult alternatives easier. Despite strong evidence are activated by contexts, tend believe their own a product goal pursuit. This subjective reality might also explain why some researchers continue maintain performance depends goals.

Language: Английский

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Characterizing Human Habits in the Lab

Collabra Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Habits pose a fundamental puzzle for those aiming to understand human behavior. They pervade our everyday lives and dominate some forms of psychopathology but are extremely hard elicit in the lab. In this Registered Report, we developed novel experimental paradigms grounded computational models, which suggest that habit strength should be proportional frequency behavior and, contrast previous research, independent value. Specifically, manipulated how often participants performed responses two tasks varying action repetition without, or separately from, variations Moreover, asked frequency-based habitization related value-based operationalizations self-reported propensities habitual real life. We find choice during training increases at test form shows little relation habit. Our findings empirically ground perspective on constituents habits may arise absence external reinforcement. further no evidence an overlap between different approaches measuring associations with real-life habits. Thus, call rigorous reassessment understanding measurement

Language: Английский

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