Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 55(2), P. 509 - 559

Published: May 18, 2017

Abstract Anthropogenic emissions and land use changes have modified atmospheric aerosol concentrations size distributions over time. Understanding preindustrial conditions in organic due to anthropogenic activities is important because these features (1) influence estimates of radiative forcing (2) can confound the historical response climate increases greenhouse gases. Secondary (SOA), formed atmosphere by oxidation gases, represents a major fraction global submicron‐sized aerosol. Over past decade, significant advances understanding SOA properties formation mechanisms occurred through measurements, yet current models typically do not comprehensively include all processes. This review summarizes some developments during decade formation. We highlight importance processes that growth particles sizes relevant for clouds forcing, including extremely low volatility organics gas phase, acid‐catalyzed multiphase chemistry isoprene epoxydiols, particle‐phase oligomerization, physical such as viscosity. Several highlighted this are complex interdependent nonlinear effects on properties, formation, evolution SOA. Current neglect complexity nonlinearity thus less likely accurately predict project future sensitivity Efforts also needed rank most influential process‐related interactions, so be represented chemistry‐climate models.

Language: Английский

---

Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol−cloud interactions in the climate system

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 113(21), P. 5781 - 5790

Published: May 24, 2016

The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on the distribution and radiative properties Earth's clouds is most uncertain component overall global forcing from preindustrial time. General circulation models (GCMs) are tool for predicting future climate, but treatment aerosols, clouds, aerosol-cloud effects carries large uncertainties that directly affect GCM predictions, such as climate sensitivity. Predictions hampered by range scales interaction between various components need to be captured. Observation systems (remote sensing, situ) increasingly being used constrain significant challenges exist, some extent because fact measuring tend address different scales. Fine-scale represent interactions with high fidelity do not include larger scale therefore limited a climatic point view. We suggest strategies improving estimates relationships models, new remote sensing situ measurements, quantifying reducing model uncertainty.

Language: Английский

---

Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 15(14), P. 8217 - 8299

Published: July 24, 2015

Abstract. The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500–2000 papers per year in refereed literature. This is part due enormous advances measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of chemical composition physical properties particles their processes atmosphere. growing scientific interest aerosol high importance environmental policy. In fact, constitutes one most challenging problems both air quality climate change policies. this context, paper reviews recent results within sciences policy needs, driven much increase monitoring mechanistic research decades. synthesis reveals many new developments science underpinning climate–aerosol interactions effects PM human health environment. However, while airborne responsible globally important influences premature mortality, we still do not know relative different components these effects. Likewise, magnitude overall remains highly uncertain. Despite uncertainty there are things that could be done mitigate local global PM. Recent analyses shown reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce warming delay time when anthropogenic temperature exceed °C. cost-effective measures ammonia, agricultural precursor gas secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), regional eutrophication concentrations large areas Europe, China USA. Thus, environment population. A prioritized list actions full range currently undeliverable shortcomings knowledge science; among shortcomings, roles sources response land use remaining century prominent. any case, evidence from strongly advocates integrated approach

Language: Английский

---

Review of Aerosol–Cloud Interactions: Mechanisms, Significance, and Challenges

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 73(11), P. 4221 - 4252

Published: July 11, 2016

Abstract Over the past decade, number of studies that investigate aerosol–cloud interactions has increased considerably. Although tremendous progress been made to improve understanding basic physical mechanisms and reduce their uncertainties in climate forcing, there is still poor 1) some interact with each other over multiple spatial temporal scales, 2) feedbacks between microphysical dynamical processes local-scale large-scale circulations, 3) significance cloud–aerosol on weather systems as well regional global climate. This review focuses recent theoretical important discusses significances aerosol impacts radiative forcing precipitation extremes associated different cloud systems. The authors summarize main obstacles preventing science from making a leap—for example, lack concurrent profile measurements dynamics, microphysics, aerosols wide region observation side large variability microphysics parameterizations resulting spread modeling results side. Therefore, efforts are needed escalate understanding. Future directions should focus obtaining properties dynamic range scales collected typical regimes closure studies, improving such ice nucleation, mixed-phase properties, hydrometeor size fall speed.

Language: Английский

---

Dryland climate change: Recent progress and challenges

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 55(3), P. 719 - 778

Published: July 19, 2017

Abstract Drylands are home to more than 38% of the world's population and one most sensitive areas climate change human activities. This review describes recent progress in dryland research. Recent findings indicate that long‐term trend aridity index (AI) is mainly attributable increased greenhouse gas emissions, while anthropogenic aerosols exert small effects but alter its attributions. Atmosphere‐land interactions determine intensity regional response. The largest warming during last 100 years was observed over drylands accounted for half continental warming. global pattern interdecadal variability changes modulated by oceanic oscillations. different phases those oscillations induce significant land‐sea north‐south thermal contrasts, which affect westerlies planetary waves blocking frequency, thereby altering temperature precipitation. During 1948–2008, Americas became wetter due enhanced westerlies, whereas Eastern Hemisphere drier because weakened East Asian summer monsoon. as defined AI have expanded 60 projected expand 21st century. expansion has occurred semiarid regions since early 1960s. Dryland will lead reduced carbon sequestration increasing aridity, warming, rapidly growing exacerbate risk land degradation desertification near future developing countries.

Language: Английский

---

Multiphase Chemistry at the Atmosphere–Biosphere Interface Influencing Climate and Public Health in the Anthropocene

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 115(10), P. 4440 - 4475

Published: April 9, 2015

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTMultiphase Chemistry at the Atmosphere–Biosphere Interface Influencing Climate and Public Health in AnthropoceneUlrich Pöschl* Manabu Shiraiwa*View Author Information Multiphase Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany*E-mail: [email protected] (U.P.).*E-mail: (M.S.).Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 10, 4440–4475Publication Date (Web):April 9, 2015Publication History Received1 September 2014Published online9 April 2015Published inissue 27 May 2015https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500487sCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoicewith CC-BYlicenseArticle Views17935Altmetric-Citations359LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF HTML) across all institutions individuals. These metrics regularly updated to reflect usage leading up last few days.Citations number other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref daily. Find more information about citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure attention that research has received online. Clicking on donut icon will load page altmetric.com with additional details score social media presence given article. how calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation abstractCitation referencesMore Options onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit (7 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Aerosols,Atmospheric chemistry,Free radicals,Nanoparticles,Particulate matter e-Alerts

Language: Английский

---

Production of extremely low volatile organic compounds from biogenic emissions: Measured yields and atmospheric implications

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 112(23), P. 7123 - 7128

Published: May 26, 2015

Significance Extremely low volatility organic compounds (ELVOC) are suggested to promote aerosol particle formation and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) production in the atmosphere. We show that capability of biogenic VOC (BVOC) produce ELVOC depends strongly on their chemical structure relative oxidant levels. BVOC with an endocyclic double bond, representative emissions from, e.g., boreal forests, efficiently from ozonolysis. Compounds exocyclic bonds or acyclic including isoprene, emission tropics, minor quantities ELVOC, role OH radical oxidation is relatively larger. Implementing these findings into a global modeling framework shows detailed assessment pathways crucial for understanding secondary atmospheric CCN formation.

Language: Английский

---

Global observations of aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate interactions

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 52(4), P. 750 - 808

Published: Sept. 5, 2014

Cloud drop condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice (IN) particles determine to a large extent cloud microstructure and, consequently, albedo the dynamic response of clouds aerosol-induced changes precipitation. This can modify reflected solar radiation thermal emitted space. Measurements tropospheric CCN IN over areas have not been possible be only roughly approximated from satellite-sensor-based estimates optical properties aerosols. Our lack ability measure both updrafts precludes disentangling effects meteorology those aerosols represents largest component in our uncertainty anthropogenic climate forcing. Ways improve retrieval accuracy include multiangle multipolarimetric passive measurements signal multispectral lidar polarimetric measurements. Indirect methods proxies trace gases, as retrieved by hyperspectral sensors. Perhaps most promising emerging direction is retrieving simultaneously convective number concentrations updraft speeds, which amounts using natural chambers. These satellite observations constrained situ aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate (ACPC) interactions, turn constrain hierarchy model simulations ACPC. Since essence general circulation an accurate quantification energy mass fluxes all forms between surface, atmosphere outer space, route progress proposed here form series box flux closure experiments various regimes. A roadmap provided for quantifying ACPC interactions thereby reducing

Language: Английский

---

Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 354(6316), P. 1119 - 1124

Published: Oct. 28, 2016

Observations made in the CLOUD chamber at CERN illuminate atmospheric particle formation.

Language: Английский

---

Climate Effects of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions

Science, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 343(6169), P. 379 - 380

Published: Jan. 23, 2014

Advances in satellite observations and model development are needed to disentangle the complex interactions of aerosols clouds their effects on climate.

Language: Английский

---