npj Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
4(1)
Published: Feb. 8, 2019
Abstract
Recent
advances
in
several
areas
are
rekindling
interest
and
enabling
progress
the
development
of
therapeutic
cancer
vaccines.
These
have
been
made
target
selection,
vaccine
technology,
methods
for
reversing
immunosuppressive
mechanisms
exploited
by
cancers.
Studies
testing
different
tumor
antigens
revealed
properties
that
yield
high
versus
normal
cell
specificity
adequate
immunogenicity
to
affect
clinical
efficacy.
A
few
tumor-associated
antigens,
host
proteins
abnormally
expressed
cells,
demonstrated
serve
as
good
targets
immunotherapies,
although
many
do
not
possess
needed
or
immunogenicity.
Neoantigens,
which
arise
from
mutated
truly
cancer-specific
can
be
highly
immunogenic,
though
vast
majority
unique
each
patient’s
thus
require
personalized
therapies.
Lessons
previous
expeditions
teaching
us
type
magnitude
immune
responses
needed,
well
technologies
achieve
these
responses.
For
example,
we
learning
approaches
elicit
potent,
balanced,
durable
CD4
plus
CD8
T
expansion
necessary
Exploration
interactions
between
system
has
elucidated
adaptations
enable
cells
suppress
evade
attack.
This
led
breakthroughs
new
drugs,
and,
subsequently,
opportunities
combine
with
vaccines
dramatically
increase
patient
Here
review
this
recent
progress,
highlighting
key
steps
bringing
promise
within
reach.
Nature,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
586(7830), P. 589 - 593
Published: Aug. 12, 2020
In
March
2020,
the
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
declared
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19),
which
is
caused
by
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2
(SARS-CoV-2)1,
a
pandemic.
With
rapidly
accumulating
numbers
of
cases
and
deaths
reported
globally2,
vaccine
urgently
needed.
Here
we
report
available
safety,
tolerability
immunogenicity
data
from
an
ongoing
placebo-controlled,
observer-blinded
dose-escalation
study
(ClinicalTrials.gov
identifier
NCT04368728)
among
45
healthy
adults
(18–55
years
age),
who
were
randomized
to
receive
doses—separated
21
days—of
10
μg,
30
μg
or
100
BNT162b1.
BNT162b1
lipid-nanoparticle-formulated,
nucleoside-modified
mRNA
that
encodes
trimerized
receptor-binding
domain
(RBD)
spike
glycoprotein
SARS-CoV-2.
Local
reactions
systemic
events
dose-dependent,
generally
mild
moderate,
transient.
A
second
vaccination
with
was
not
administered
because
increased
reactogenicity
lack
meaningfully
after
single
dose
compared
30-μg
dose.
RBD-binding
IgG
concentrations
SARS-CoV-2
neutralizing
titres
in
sera
level
Geometric
mean
reached
1.9–4.6-fold
panel
COVID-19
convalescent
human
sera,
obtained
at
least
14
days
positive
PCR.
These
results
support
further
evaluation
this
candidate.
RNA
adults,
Journal of Clinical Investigation,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
125(9), P. 3401 - 3412
Published: July 27, 2015
The
clinical
benefit
of
therapeutic
cancer
vaccines
has
been
established.
Whereas
regression
lesions
was
shown
for
premalignant
caused
by
HPV,
in
patients
mostly
noted
as
prolonged
survival.
Suboptimal
vaccine
design
and
an
immunosuppressive
microenvironment
are
the
root
causes
lack
eradication.
Effective
deliver
concentrated
antigen
to
both
HLA
class
I
II
molecules
DCs,
promoting
CD4
CD8
T
cell
responses.
Optimal
platforms
include
DNA
RNA
synthetic
long
peptides.
Antigens
choice
mutant
sequences,
selected
testis
antigens,
viral
antigens.
Drugs
or
physical
treatments
can
mitigate
chemotherapeutics,
radiation,
indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase
(IDO)
inhibitors,
inhibitors
checkpoints,
agonists
TNF
receptor
family
members,
undesirable
cytokines.
specificity
vaccination
combined
with
such
immunomodulation
offers
attractive
avenue
development
future
therapies.
