Annual Review of Marine Science,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
13(1), P. 313 - 342
Published: Sept. 25, 2020
Ocean
temperature
variability
is
a
fundamental
component
of
the
Earth's
climate
system,
and
extremes
in
this
affect
health
marine
ecosystems
around
world.
The
study
heatwaves
has
emerged
as
rapidly
growing
field
research,
given
notable
extreme
warm-water
events
that
have
occurred
against
background
trend
global
ocean
warming.
This
review
summarizes
latest
physical
statistical
understanding
based
on
how
they
are
identified,
defined,
characterized,
monitored
through
remotely
sensed
situ
data
sets.
We
describe
mechanisms
cause
heatwaves,
along
with
their
distribution,
variability,
trends.
Finally,
we
discuss
current
issues
developing
research
area,
including
considerations
related
to
thechoice
climatological
baseline
periods
defining
communicate
findings
context
societal
needs.
Science,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
359(6371), P. 80 - 83
Published: Jan. 5, 2018
Not
enough
time
for
recovery
Coral
bleaching
occurs
when
stressful
conditions
result
in
the
expulsion
of
algal
partner
from
coral.
Before
anthropogenic
climate
warming,
such
events
were
relatively
rare,
allowing
reef
between
events.
Hughes
et
al.
looked
at
100
reefs
globally
and
found
that
average
interval
is
now
less
than
half
what
it
was
before.
Such
narrow
windows
do
not
allow
full
recovery.
Furthermore,
warming
as
El
Niño
are
warmer
previously,
general
ocean
conditions.
changes
likely
to
make
more
difficult
recover
Science
,
this
issue
p.
80
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9(1)
Published: March 29, 2018
Heatwaves
are
important
climatic
extremes
in
atmospheric
and
oceanic
systems
that
can
have
devastating
long-term
impacts
on
ecosystems,
with
subsequent
socioeconomic
consequences.
Recent
prominent
marine
heatwaves
attracted
considerable
scientific
public
interest.
Despite
this,
a
comprehensive
assessment
of
how
these
ocean
temperature
been
changing
globally
is
missing.
Using
range
data
including
global
records
daily
satellite
observations,
situ
measurements
gridded
monthly
situ-based
sets,
we
identify
significant
increases
over
the
past
century.
We
find
from
1925
to
2016,
average
heatwave
frequency
duration
increased
by
34%
17%,
respectively,
resulting
54%
increase
annual
days
globally.
Importantly,
trends
largely
be
explained
mean
temperatures,
suggesting
expect
further
under
continued
warming.
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
120(12), P. 5437 - 5516
Published: May 27, 2020
Global
ammonia
production
reached
175
million
metric
tons
in
2016,
90%
of
which
is
produced
from
high
purity
N2
and
H2
gases
at
temperatures
pressures
via
the
Haber–Bosch
process.
Reliance
on
natural
gas
for
results
large
energy
consumption
CO2
emissions.
Concerns
human-induced
climate
change
are
spurring
an
international
scientific
effort
to
explore
new
approaches
reduce
its
carbon
footprint.
Electrocatalytic
reduction
attractive
alternative
that
can
potentially
enable
synthesis
under
milder
conditions
small-scale,
distributed,
on-site
electrolysis
cells
powered
by
renewable
electricity
generated
solar
or
wind
sources.
This
review
provides
a
comprehensive
account
theoretical
experimental
studies
electrochemical
nitrogen
fixation
with
focus
low
selectivity
versus
protons
H2.
A
detailed
introduction
detection
methods
execution
control
experiments
given
as
they
crucial
accurate
reporting
findings.
The
main
part
this
focuses
progress
has
been
achieved
range
conditions.
Finally,
comments
current
challenges
potential
opportunities
field
provided.
Because
some
countries
contribute
to
more
that
one
GCRMN
region
(e
.gSaudi
Arabia
contributes
both
the
Red
Sea
and
Gulf
of
Aden
ROPME
Area
regions),
totals
reported
are
not
simply
sum
all
from
which
data
were
contributed
within
each
.
Science,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
359(6374), P. 460 - 462
Published: Jan. 25, 2018
Corals
wrapped
in
plastic
Coral
reefs
provide
vital
fisheries
and
coastal
defense,
they
urgently
need
protection
from
the
damaging
effects
of
waste.
Lamb
et
al.
surveyed
159
coral
Asia-Pacific
region.
Billions
items
were
entangled
reefs.
The
more
spikey
species,
likely
to
snag
plastic.
Disease
likelihood
increased
20-fold
once
a
was
draped
Plastic
debris
stresses
through
light
deprivation,
toxin
release,
anoxia,
giving
pathogens
foothold
for
invasion.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
460
