Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: Sept. 12, 2023
Despite
a
lack
of
agreement
on
its
definition
and
inclusion
as
specific
diagnosable
disturbance,
the
food
addiction
construct
is
supported
by
several
neurobiological
behavioral
clinical
preclinical
findings.
Recognizing
critical
to
understanding
how
why
it
manifests.
In
this
overview,
we
focused
those
follows:
1.
hyperpalatable
effects
in
development;
2.
brain
regions
involved
both
drug
addiction;
3.
animal
models
highlighting
commonalities
between
substance
use
disorders
addiction.
Although
results
collected
through
studies
emerged
from
protocols
differing
ways,
they
clearly
highlight
manifestations
alterations
characteristics.
To
develop
improved
models,
heterogeneity
should
be
acknowledged
embraced
so
that
research
can
systematically
investigate
role
variables
development
different
features
addiction-like
behavior
models.
The
central
amygdala
(CeA)
has
emerged
as
an
important
brain
region
for
regulating
both
negative
(fear
and
anxiety)
positive
(reward)
affective
behaviors.
CeA
been
proposed
to
encode
information
in
the
form
of
valence
(whether
stimulus
is
good
or
bad)
salience
(how
significant
stimulus),
but
extent
which
these
two
types
representation
occur
not
known.
Here,
we
used
single
cell
calcium
imaging
mice
during
appetitive
aversive
conditioning
found
that
majority
neurons
(~65%)
unconditioned
(US)
with
a
smaller
subset
cells
(~15%)
encoding
US.
Valence
conditioned
(CS)
was
also
observed,
albeit
lesser
extent.
These
findings
show
site
convergence
oppositely
valenced
US
information.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: June 1, 2020
Abstract
How
do
brain
mechanisms
create
maladaptive
attractions?
Here
intense
attractions
are
created
in
laboratory
rats
by
pairing
optogenetic
channelrhodopsin
(ChR2)
stimulation
of
central
nucleus
amygdala
(CeA)
with
encountering
either
sucrose,
cocaine,
or
a
painful
shock-delivering
object.
We
find
that
pairings
make
the
respective
pursue
sucrose
exclusively,
cocaine
repeatedly
self-inflict
shocks.
CeA-induced
attractions,
even
to
shock-rod,
recruit
mesocorticolimbic
incentive-related
circuitry.
Shock-associated
cues
also
gain
positive
incentive
value
and
pursued.
Yet
motivational
effects
paired
CeA
can
be
reversed
negative
valence
Pavlovian
fear
learning
situation,
where
ChR2
increases
defensive
reactions.
Finally,
switched
neutral
innocuous
stimuli.
These
results
reveal
plasticity
multiple
modes
for
motivation
via
circuitry
under
control
activation.
Nature Mental Health,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
2(9), P. 1096 - 1110
Published: Aug. 5, 2024
Abstract
Effective
interventions
for
neuropsychiatric
disorders
may
work
by
rebalancing
the
brain’s
functional
hierarchical
organization.
Here
we
directly
investigated
effects
of
two
different
serotonergic
pharmacological
on
brain
hierarchy
in
major
depressive
disorder
a
two-arm
double-blind
phase
II
randomized
controlled
trial
comparing
psilocybin
therapy
(22
patients)
with
escitalopram
(20
patients).
Patients
received
either
2
×
25
mg
oral
psilocybin,
three
weeks
apart,
plus
six
daily
placebo
(‘psilocybin
arm’)
or
1
(10–20
mg;
‘escitalopram
arm’).
Resting-state
magnetic
resonance
imaging
scans
were
acquired
at
baseline
and
after
second
dose
(
NCT03429075
).
The
mechanisms
captured
generative
effective
connectivity,
estimated
from
whole-brain
modeling
resting
state
each
session
patient.
Hierarchy
was
determined
these
sessions
using
measures
directedness
trophic
levels
which
captures
cycle
structure,
stability
percolation.
results
showed
that
created
significantly
reconfigurations
dynamics
differential,
opposite
statistical
effect
responses.
Furthermore,
use
machine
learning
revealed
significant
differential
reorganization
before
treatments.
Machine
also
able
to
predict
treatment
response
an
accuracy
0.85
±
0.04.
Overall,
demonstrate
ways
depression.
This
suggests
hypothesis
could
be
closely
linked
breakdown
regions
orchestrating
top
hierarchy.
Itch
is
an
unpleasant
sensation
that
elicits
robust
scratching
and
aversive
experience.
However,
the
identity
of
cells
neural
circuits
organize
this
information
remains
elusive.
Here,
we
show
necessity
sufficiency
chloroquine-activated
neurons
in
central
amygdala
(CeA)
for
both
itch
associated
aversion.
Further,
CeA
play
important
roles
itch-related
comorbidities,
including
anxiety-like
behaviors,
but
not
some
appetitive
behaviors
previously
ascribed
to
neurons.
RNA-sequencing
identified
several
differentially
expressed
genes
as
well
potential
key
signaling
pathways
regulating
pruritis.
Finally,
viral
tracing
experiments
demonstrate
these
send
projections
ventral
periaqueductal
gray
are
critical
modulation
itch.
These
findings
reveal
a
cellular
circuit
signature
orchestrating
behavioral
affective
responses
pruritus
mice.