Multidimensional tropical forest recovery

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 374(6573), P. 1370 - 1376

Published: Dec. 9, 2021

Tropical forests disappear rapidly because of deforestation, yet they have the potential to regrow naturally on abandoned lands. We analyze how 12 forest attributes recover during secondary succession and their recovery is interrelated using 77 sites across tropics. are highly resilient low-intensity land use; after 20 years, attain 78% (33 100%) old-growth values. Recovery 90% values fastest for soil (<1 decade) plant functioning (<2.5 decades), intermediate structure species diversity (2.5 6 slowest biomass composition (>12 decades). Network analysis shows three independent clusters attribute recovery, related structure, diversity, composition. Secondary should be embraced as a low-cost, natural solution ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation.

Language: Английский

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Large carbon sink potential of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon to mitigate climate change

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: March 19, 2021

Abstract Tropical secondary forests sequester carbon up to 20 times faster than old-growth forests. This rate does not capture spatial regrowth patterns due environmental and disturbance drivers. Here we quantify the influence of such drivers on in Brazilian Amazon using satellite data. Carbon sequestration rates young (<20 years) west are ~60% higher (3.0 ± 1.0 Mg C ha −1 yr ) compared those east (1.3 0.3 ). Disturbances reduce by 8–55%. The 2017 forest stock, 294 Tg C, could be 8% avoiding fires repeated deforestation. Maintaining area has potential accumulate ~19.0 until 2030, contributing ~5.5% Brazil’s 2030 net emissions reduction target. Implementing legal mechanisms protect expand whilst supporting conservation is, therefore, key realising their as a nature-based climate solution.

Language: Английский

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The role of land‐use history in driving successional pathways and its implications for the restoration of tropical forests

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(4), P. 1114 - 1134

Published: March 12, 2021

ABSTRACT Secondary forests are increasingly important components of human‐modified landscapes in the tropics. Successional pathways, however, can vary enormously across and within landscapes, with divergent regrowth rates, vegetation structure species composition. While climatic edaphic conditions drive variations regions, land‐use history plays a central role driving alternative successional pathways landscapes. How land use affects succession depends on its intensity, spatial extent, frequency, duration management practices, is mediated by complex combination mechanisms acting different ecosystem at temporal scales. We review literature aiming to provide comprehensive understanding underlying long‐lasting effects tropical forest discuss implications for restoration. organize it following framework based hierarchical model ecological filtering theory. This shows that our knowledge mostly derived from studies Neotropical regenerating after abandonment shifting cultivation or pasture systems. Vegetation component assessed most often. Little known regarding how recovery belowground processes microbiota communities affected previous history. In published studies, has been characterized type, without discrimination frequency. compile metrics used describe history, facilitate future studies. The ( i ) availability transformations landscape affect dispersal, practices seed predation, which composition diversity propagules site. Once successfully reaches an abandoned field, establishment performance dependent resistance tolerance (modified) soil conditions, herbivory, competition weeds invasive species, facilitation remnant trees. ii Structural compositional divergences early stages remain decades, suggesting play governing further functioning during succession. Management interventions could help enhance rates manipulate pathways. iii local defines limitations therefore potential natural regeneration restore properties effectively. summarized here enable identification efficiently promote restoration, where specific required foster Finally, characterization context essential understand define cost‐effective restoration strategies. Advancing these two aspects key finding generalizable relations will increase predictability efficiency under contexts.

Language: Английский

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The carbon sink of secondary and degraded humid tropical forests

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 615(7952), P. 436 - 442

Published: March 15, 2023

Language: Английский

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Successional theories

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 98(6), P. 2049 - 2077

Published: July 16, 2023

ABSTRACT Succession is a fundamental concept in ecology because it indicates how species populations, communities, and ecosystems change over time on new substrate or after disturbance. A mechanistic understanding of succession needed to predict will respond land‐use design effective ecosystem restoration strategies. Yet, despite century conceptual advances comprehensive successional theory lacking. Here we provide an overview 19 theories (‘models’) their key points, group them based similarity, explain development ideas suggestions move forward. Four groups models can be recognised. The first ( patch & plants ) focuses at the level consists three subgroups that originated early 20th century. One subgroup processes (dispersal, establishment, performance) operate sequentially during succession. Another emphasises individualistic responses succession, this driven by traits. last vegetation structure underlying demographic second provides more holistic view considering ecosystem, its biota, interactions, diversity, processes. third landscape considers larger spatial scale includes effect surrounding matrix as distance neighbouring patches determines potential for seed dispersal, quality abundance composition sources biotic dispersal vectors. fourth socio‐ecological systems human component focusing where management practices have long‐lasting legacies pathways regrowing vegetations deliver range services local global stakeholders. four differ (patch, landscape) organisational (plant species, system), increase scope, reflect increasingly broader perspective time. They coincide approximately with periods prevailing time, although all views still coexist. are: (from 1910 onwards) was seen through lens replacement; communities 1965 when there succession; landscapes 2000 realised strongly impact pathways, increased remote‐sensing technology allowed better quantification context; people 2015 societal drivers strong effects are important well‐being, most successful done people. Our review suggests hierarchical framework Pickett best starting point forward already several factors, flexible, enabling application different systems. mainly replacement could improved occurring scales (population, community, integrating recent developments other models: (landscape, region), temporal (ecosystem centuries, evolution), taking (landscape integrity composition, disperser community) factors (previous current intensity) into account. Such new, tested using combination empirical research, experiments, process‐based modelling novel tools. Applying seres across broadscale environmental disturbance gradients allows insight what matter under conditions.

Language: Английский

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A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(6), P. 2851 - 2870

Published: Aug. 23, 2021

ABSTRACT Island biogeography is the study of spatio‐temporal distribution species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. diversity structured by five classes process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction evolution. Classical approaches in island focused species richness as deterministic outcome these processes. This has proved fruitful, but traits can potentially offer new biological insights into processes which life assembles why some perform better at colonising persisting islands. Functional refer to morphological phenological characteristics an organism that be linked its ecological strategy scale up from individual plants properties communities ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis for strategies show similar patterns a matched mainland environment. However, strong environmental biotic‐interaction filters well stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades do colonise often embark distinct evolutionary pathways, because distinctive forces islands, opportunities offered freedom competitors herbivores absence mutualists. are expected shaped Here, we review discuss potential integrating functional biogeography. While focus plants, general considerations concepts may extended groups organisms. We evaluate how relate core principles extinction, reproduction, evolution conservation. formulate existing knowledge 33 working hypotheses. Some grounded firm empirical evidence, others provide future research. organise our hypotheses under overarching sections. Section focuses plant enabling dispersal B discusses help predict successional trajectories natural extinctions C reviews indicate interactions reproduction promote intra‐island dispersal. D leads predictable changes trait values most susceptible change. E debates ecology used multiple drivers global change effective conservation measures. Islands have justified reputation research models. They illuminate operating within showing what happens when those released changed. believe lens shed more light than not consider differences among species.

Language: Английский

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Functional recovery of secondary tropical forests

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(49)

Published: Nov. 29, 2021

Significance Tropical forests disappear rapidly through deforestation but also have the potential to regrow naturally a process called secondary succession. To advance successional theory, it is essential understand how these and their assembly vary across broad spatial scales. We do so by synthesizing continental-scale patterns in succession using functional trait approach. show that start pathway of varies with climatic water availability. In dry forests, driven drought tolerance traits wet shade traits. Based on principles, we propose an ecologically sound strategy improve active forest restoration.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(15), P. 3961 - 3989

Published: Aug. 5, 2020

Abstract. The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one the largest uncertainties global cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In absence large-scale observations, models used for assessments tend fall back on simplified assumptions turnover rates soil pools. this study, times calculated an ensemble contemporary terrestrial biosphere (TBMs) are analysed assess their current capability accurately estimate forests how these anticipated future. Modelled baseline 1985–2014 average vary from 12.2 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences phenological processes, which control allocation to, rate of, leaves fine roots, as important tree mortality regard explaining variation total among different governing mechanisms exhibited each result a wide range plausible projections end century. Based simulations, it not possible draw robust conclusions regarding likely changes time, thus change, regions. Both spatial temporal uncertainty strongly linked model concerning plant functional type distributions controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses controls identified, along recommendations pragmatic steps test them using existing novel Efforts resolve its impacts evolution stocks across world's forests, will need address establishment components demography, well woody versus non-woody growth.

Language: Английский

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Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(8), P. 2622 - 2638

Published: Jan. 10, 2022

Understanding how evolutionary history and the coordination between trait trade-off axes shape drought tolerance of trees is crucial to predict forest dynamics under climate change. Here, we compiled traits related fast-slow stature-recruitment in 601 tropical woody species explore their covariations phylogenetic signals. We found that xylem resistance embolism (P50) determines risk hydraulic failure, while functional significance leaf turgor loss point (TLP) relies on its with water use strategies. P50 TLP exhibit weak signals substantial variation within genera. closely associated axis: slow maintain functioning higher stress. both axes: small more resistant xylem. Lower phosphorus concentration xylem, which suggests a (nutrient drought) stress-tolerance syndrome tropics. Overall, our results imply (1) strong selective pressure forests, result from repeated adaptation taxa, (2) coordinated ecological strategies governing demography. These findings provide physiological basis interpret drought-induced shift toward slow-growing, smaller, denser-wooded observed tropics, implications for restoration programmes.

Language: Английский

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The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 378(1867)

Published: Nov. 14, 2022

Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting ecosystem restoration in tropical sub-tropical Asia; synthesize evidence on mortality growth planted trees at 176 sites structural biodiversity recovery co-located actively restored naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing 44% 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site typically ca 20% higher open areas than degraded forest, with height positively affecting survival. Size-standardized rates were negatively related species-level wood density plantations enrichment settings. Based community-level data from 11 landscapes, active resulted faster accumulation basal area properties closer old-growth reference sites, relative natural regeneration, but species richness did not differ. High variability outcomes across indicates that for potentially rewarding risky context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare manage commonly occurring challenges align efforts reconnect remaining areas. The abstract this article available Bahasa Indonesia electronic supplementary material. This part theme issue 'Understanding landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations UN Decade Ecosystem Restoration'.

Language: Английский

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