Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(6), P. 498 - 506

Published: March 29, 2024

Interactions between various microbial pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and their plant hosts have traditionally been the focus of phytopathology. In recent years, a significant growing interest in study eukaryotic microorganisms not classified among fungi or oomycetes has emerged. Many these protists establish complex interactions with photosynthetic hosts, understanding is crucial dynamics parasites within traditional emerging types farming, marine aquaculture. phytopathogenic are biotrophs polyphasic life cycles, which makes them difficult impossible to culture, fact reflected wide gap availability comprehensive genomic data when compared fungal oomycete pathogens. Furthermore, our ability use available resources for limited by broad taxonomic distance that organisms span, comparisons other datasets difficult. The current rapid progress genomics computational tools prediction protein functions revolutionizing landscape pathology. This also opening novel possibilities, specifically deeper protist effectors. Tools like AlphaFold2 enable structure-based function effector candidates divergent sequences. turn, this allows us ask better biological questions and, coupled innovative experimental strategies, will lead into new era research, especially protists, expand knowledge on elusive hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 Author(s). an open access article distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Language: Английский

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The barley MLA13-AVR_A13heterodimer reveals principles for immunoreceptor recognition of RNase-like powdery mildew effectors

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 17, 2024

Abstract Co-evolution between cereals and pathogenic grass powdery mildew fungi is exemplified by sequence diversification of an allelic series barley resistance genes encoding Mildew Locus A (MLA) nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immunoreceptors with a N-terminal coiled-coil domain (CNLs). Each immunoreceptor recognises matching, strain-specific effector encoded avirulence gene ( AVR ) . We present here the cryo-EM structure MLA13 in complex its cognate A13 -1. The adopts RNase-like fold when bound to planta , similar crystal structures other e ffectors purified from E. coli -1 interacts via basal loops C-terminal leucine rich repeats (LRRs) central winged helix (WHD). Co-expression structure-guided substitution variants show that receptor–effector interface plays essential role mediating immunity-associated plant cell death. Furthermore, combining structural information MLA13–AVR heterocomplex alignments MLA receptors, we designed single amino acid MLA7 enables expanded detection virulent variant -V2. In contrast pentameric conformation previously reported effector-activated CNL resistosomes, was resolved as stable heterodimer expression system. Our study suggests might represent output distinct resistosomes highlights opportunities for development designer gain-of-function NLRs.

Language: Английский

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Molecular mimicry of a pathogen virulence target by a plant immune receptor

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 26, 2024

Abstract Plants and animals respond to pathogen attack by mounting innate immune responses that require intracellular nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. These receptors detect infection sensing virulence effector However, the mechanisms which evolve new recognition specificities remain poorly understood. Here we report a plant NLR has evolved capacity bind acting as molecular mimic of target effector, thereby triggering an response. The barley Mildew Locus A 3 (MLA3) confers resistance blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae recognizing Pwl2. Using structural analysis, show MLA3 acquired Pwl2 through mimicry host HIPP43. We demonstrate amino acids at interface are highly conserved in HIPP43 with Pwl2, required trigger used this discovery bioengineer SR50—an MLA ortholog rye wheat stem rust—by introducing MLA3. This chimeric receptor dual activities, responding effectors from two major cereal pathogens. Collectively, these results provide evidence have sophisticated strategies counteract attack.

Language: Английский

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Effector‐triggered susceptibility by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 241(3), P. 1007 - 1020

Published: Dec. 10, 2023

Summary Rice blast, the most destructive disease of cultivated rice world‐wide, is caused by filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . To cause in plants, M. secretes a diverse range effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses, modulate cellular processes, and support pathogen growth. Some effectors can be secreted appressoria even before host penetration, while others accumulate apoplast, or enter living cells where they target specific subcellular compartments. During infection, blast induces formation specialized structure known as biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears crucial for delivery into cells. Here, we review recent advances cell biology –host interactions show how new breakthroughs control have stemmed from an increased understanding are deployed delivered enable invasion susceptibility.

Language: Английский

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Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Effector Proteins

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(11), P. 9125 - 9125

Published: May 23, 2023

Plants are colonized by various fungi with both pathogenic and beneficial lifestyles. One type of colonization strategy is through the secretion effector proteins that alter plant's physiology to accommodate fungus. The oldest plant symbionts, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF), may exploit effectors their benefit. Genome analysis coupled transcriptomic studies in different AMFs has intensified research on function, evolution, diversification AMF. However, current 338 predicted from AM fungus

Language: Английский

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