Clinical and Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(2)
Published: Feb. 1, 2021
Abstract
Carcinomas
are
complex
heterocellular
systems
containing
epithelial
cancer
cells,
stromal
fibroblasts,
and
multiple
immune
cell‐types.
Cell‐cell
communication
between
these
tumor
microenvironments
(TME)
cells
drives
progression
influences
response
to
existing
therapies.
In
order
provide
better
treatments
for
patients,
we
must
understand
how
various
cell‐types
collaborate
within
the
TME
drive
consider
signals
present
different
types.
To
investigate
tissues
function,
need
a
model
measure
both
transferred
that
information
is
processed
cells.
The
interplay
of
collaboration
requires
cell‐cell
communication.
This
article
aims
review
current
in
vitro
vivo
mono‐cellular
multi‐cellular
cultures
models
colorectal
(CRC),
explore
they
can
be
used
single‐cell
multi‐omics
approaches
isolating
types
molecules
from
required
distinguish
normal
Integrating
signaling
measurements
models,
through
understanding
cell
identity
communicate,
will
help
predict
drug
sensitivities
between‐
within‐patients
responses.
Organoids
have
attracted
increasing
attention
because
they
are
simple
tissue-engineered
cell-based
in
vitro
models
that
recapitulate
many
aspects
of
the
complex
structure
and
function
corresponding
vivo
tissue.
They
can
be
dissected
interrogated
for
fundamental
mechanistic
studies
on
development,
regeneration,
repair
human
tissues.
also
used
diagnostics,
disease
modeling,
drug
discovery,
personalized
medicine.
derived
from
either
pluripotent
or
tissue-resident
stem
(embryonic
adult)
progenitor
differentiated
cells
healthy
diseased
tissues,
such
as
tumors.
To
date,
numerous
organoid
engineering
strategies
support
culture
growth,
proliferation,
differentiation
maturation
been
reported.
This
Primer
serves
to
highlight
rationale
underlying
selection
development
these
materials
methods
control
cellular/tissue
niche;
therefore,
engineered
organoid.
We
discuss
key
considerations
generating
robust
organoids,
those
related
cell
isolation
seeding,
matrix
soluble
factor
selection,
physical
cues
integration.
The
general
standards
data
quality,
reproducibility
deposition
within
community
is
outlined.
Lastly,
we
conclude
by
elaborating
limitations
organoids
different
applications,
priorities
coming
years.
Biochemical Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
183, P. 114316 - 114316
Published: Nov. 2, 2020
Pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs)
and
inflammasomes
are
a
key
part
of
the
anti-viral
innate
immune
system
as
they
detect
conserved
viral
pathogen-associated
molecular
patterns
(PAMPs).
A
successful
host
response
to
infections
critically
depend
on
initial
activation
PRRs
by
viruses,
mainly
DNA
RNA.
The
signalling
pathways
activated
leads
expression
pro-inflammatory
cytokines,
recruit
cells,
type
I
III
interferons
which
induction
interferon
stimulated
genes
(ISG),
powerful
virus
restriction
factors
that
establish
"antiviral
state".
Inflammasomes
contribute
responses
through
maturation
interleukin
(IL)-1
IL-18
triggering
pyroptotic
cell
death.
activity
along
with
adaptive
normally
elimination,
although
disproportionate
pathology.
In
this
review
we
will
discuss
recent
insights
into
influence
PRR
what
means
for
mammalian
host.
We
also
comment
how
specific
may
be
relevant
SARS-CoV-2,
responsible
current
COVID-19
pandemic,
interacts
immunity.
Communications Biology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
4(1)
Published: Dec. 10, 2021
Organoids-cellular
aggregates
derived
from
stem
or
progenitor
cells
that
recapitulate
organ
function
in
miniature-are
of
growing
interest
developmental
biology
and
medicine.
Organoids
have
been
developed
for
organs
tissues
such
as
the
liver,
gut,
brain,
pancreas;
they
are
used
surrogates
to
study
a
wide
range
questions
basic
biology,
genetic
disorders,
therapies.
However,
many
organoids
reported
date
cultured
Matrigel,
which
is
prepared
secretion
Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm
mouse
sarcoma
cells;
Matrigel
complex
poorly
defined.
This
complexity
makes
it
difficult
elucidate
Matrigel-specific
factors
governing
organoid
development.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
promising
Matrigel-free
methods
generation
maintenance
use
decellularized
extracellular
matrix
(ECM),
synthetic
hydrogels,
gel-forming
recombinant
proteins.
Lab on a Chip,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
21(3), P. 473 - 488
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Possible
strategy
to
integrate
pre-vascularized
organoid
and
in
vitro
capillary
bed
on
a
microfluidic
based
platform,
aiming
for
establishing
perfused
vasculature
throughout
organoids
vitro.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
34(15)
Published: Feb. 15, 2022
Organ-
and
tissue-level
biological
functions
are
intimately
linked
to
microscale
cell-cell
interactions
the
overarching
tissue
architecture.
Together,
biofabrication
organoid
technologies
offer
unique
potential
engineer
multi-scale
living
constructs,
with
cellular
microenvironments
formed
by
stem
cell
self-assembled
structures
embedded
in
customizable
bioprinted
geometries.
This
study
introduces
volumetric
bioprinting
of
complex
organoid-laden
which
capture
key
human
liver.
Volumetric
via
optical
tomography
shapes
gelatin
hydrogels
into
centimeter-scale
3D
under
20
s.
Optically
tuned
bioresins
enable
refractive
index
matching
specific
intracellular
structures,
countering
disruptive
impact
cell-mediated
light
scattering
on
printing
resolution.
layerless,
nozzle-free
technique
poses
no
harmful
mechanical
stresses
organoids,
resulting
superior
viability
morphology
preservation
post-printing.
Bioprinted
organoids
undergo
hepatocytic
differentiation
showing
albumin
synthesis,
liver-specific
enzyme
activity,
remarkably
acquired
native-like
polarization.
Organoids
within
low
stiffness
gelatins
(<2
kPa)
mathematically
defined
lattices
varying
degrees
pore
network
tortuosity,
cultured
perfusion.
These
act
as
metabolic
biofactories
ammonia
detoxification
can
be
enhanced
architectural
profile
constructs.
technology
opens
up
new
possibilities
for
regenerative
medicine
personalized
drug
testing.
