Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
120(50)
Published: Dec. 8, 2023
Hilar
mossy
cells
(MCs)
are
principal
excitatory
neurons
of
the
dentate
gyrus
(DG)
that
play
critical
roles
in
hippocampal
function
and
have
been
implicated
brain
disorders
such
as
anxiety
epilepsy.
However,
mechanisms
by
which
MCs
contribute
to
DG
disease
poorly
understood.
A
defining
feature
is
promoter
activity
dopamine
D2
receptor
(D2R)
gene
(
Drd2
),
previous
work
indicates
a
key
role
for
dopaminergic
signaling
DG.
Additionally,
involvement
D2R
cognition
neuropsychiatric
conditions
well
known.
Surprisingly,
though,
MC
D2Rs
remains
largely
unexplored.
In
this
study,
we
show
selective
conditional
removal
from
adult
mice
impaired
spatial
memory,
promoted
anxiety-like
behavior,
was
proconvulsant.
To
determine
subcellular
expression
MCs,
used
knockin
mouse
revealed
enriched
inner
molecular
layer
DG,
where
establish
synaptic
contacts
with
granule
(GCs).
activation
exogenous
endogenous
reduced
GC
transmission,
most
likely
presynaptic
mechanism.
contrast,
had
no
significant
impact
on
inputs
passive
active
properties.
Our
findings
support
essential
proper
reducing
drive
onto
GCs.
Lastly,
impairment
could
promote
epilepsy,
therefore
highlighting
potential
therapeutic
target.
Fluctuations
in
brain
and
behavioral
state
are
supported
by
broadly
projecting
neuromodulatory
systems.
In
this
study,
we
use
mesoscale
two-photon
calcium
imaging
to
examine
spontaneous
activity
of
cholinergic
noradrenergic
axons
awake
mice
order
determine
the
interaction
between
arousal/movement
transitions
across
dorsal
cortex
at
distances
separated
up
4
mm.
We
confirm
that
GCaMP6s
within
axonal
projections
both
basal
forebrain
locus
coeruleus
neurons
track
arousal,
indexed
as
pupil
diameter,
changes
engagement,
reflected
bouts
whisker
movement
and/or
locomotion.
The
broad
coordination
even
distant
segments
indicates
these
systems
can
communicate,
part,
through
a
global
signal,
especially
relation
state.
addition
coordinated
activity,
also
find
evidence
subpopulation
may
exhibit
heterogeneity
appears
be
independent
our
measures
By
monitoring
interneurons
cortex,
found
cells
state-dependent
(arousal/movement)
activity.
These
results
demonstrate
provide
prominent
synchronized
signal
related
state,
therefore
contribute
cortical
excitability.
The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
64(1), P. 387 - 415
Published: Sept. 8, 2023
G
protein-coupled
receptors
are
the
largest
and
pharmacologically
most
important
receptor
family
involved
in
regulation
of
cell
functions.
Most
them
reside
exclusively
at
surface,
from
where
they
signal
via
heterotrimeric
proteins
to
control
production
second
messengers
such
as
cAMP
IP
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
19(4), P. e0302102 - e0302102
Published: April 16, 2024
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
the
second
most
common
neurodegenerative
in
world.
Neurodegeneration
of
substantia
nigra
(SN)
and
diminished
release
dopamine
are
prominent
causes
this
progressive
disease.
The
current
study
aims
to
evaluate
protective
potential
ethanolic
extract
Mentha
piperita
(EthMP)
against
rotenone-mediated
PD
features,
dopaminergic
neuronal
degeneration,
oxidative
stress
survival
a
mouse
model.
Swiss
albino
male
mice
were
assigned
five
groups:
control
(2.5%
DMSO
vehicle),
(rotenone
2.5
mg/kg),
EthMP
rotenone
(200mg/kg
2.5mg/kg,
respectively),
(200
Sinemet,
reference
treatment
containing
levodopa
carbidopa
(20
mg/kg
2.5mg/kg).
Behavioral
tests
for
motor
functional
deficit
analysis
performed.
Anti-oxidant
capacity
was
estimated
using
standard
antioxidant
markers.
Histopathology
mid-brain
neurodegeneration
estimation
HPLC
based
level
modulation
gene
expression
quantitative
real-time
polymerase
chain
reaction
performed
selected
genes.
administration
significantly
prevented
dysfunctions
compared
group
as
assessed
through
open
field,
beam
walk,
pole
climb
down,
stepping,
tail
suspension,
stride
length
tests.
modulated
lipid
peroxidation
(LPO),
reduced
glutathione
(GSH),
superoxide
dismutase
(SOD)
levels,
well
glutathione-s-transferase
(GST)
catalase
(CAT)
activities
brain.
SN
partially
maintained
levels.
genes
related
dopamine,
anti-oxidant
synapses
M
.
(MP)
treated
brains.
Current
data
suggest
therapeutic
capacities
MP
neuroprotective
capacities,
possibly
capacities.
Therefore,
it
may
have
clinical
applications
management.
Acetylcholine
is
widely
believed
to
modulate
the
release
of
dopamine
in
striatum
mammals.
Experiments
brain
slices
clearly
show
that
synchronous
activation
striatal
cholinergic
interneurons
sufficient
drive
via
axo-axonal
stimulation
nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptors.
However,
evidence
for
this
mechanism
vivo
has
been
less
forthcoming.
Mohebi,
Collins
and
Berke
recently
reported
that,
awake
behaving
rats,
optogenetic
with
blue
light
readily
evokes
measured
red
fluorescent
sensor
RdLight1
(Mohebi
et
al.,
2023).
Here,
we
alone
alters
properties
a
manner
may
be
misconstrued
as
phasic
release,
artefactual
photoactivation
can
account
effects
attributed
interneurons.
Our
findings
indicate
measurements
using
red-shifted
should
interpreted
caution
when
combined
optogenetics.
In
other
publications
did
not
observe
large
acetylcholine-evoked
transients
vivo,
conditions
under
which
such
occurs
animals
remain
unknown.
Science Advances,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(22)
Published: May 29, 2024
While
our
understanding
of
the
nanoscale
architecture
anterograde
synaptic
transmission
is
rapidly
expanding,
qualitative
and
quantitative
molecular
principles
underlying
distinct
mechanisms
retrograde
communication
remain
elusive.
We
show
that
a
particular
form
tonic
cannabinoid
signaling
essential
for
setting
target
cell-dependent
variability.
It
does
not
require
activity
two
major
endocannabinoid-producing
enzymes.
Instead,
by
developing
workflow
physiological,
anatomical,
measurements
at
same
unitary
synapse,
we
demonstrate
stoichiometric
ratio
type
1
receptors
(CB
