Looking back on biodiversity change: lessons for the road ahead DOI Open Access
María Dornelas, Jonathan M. Chase, Nicholas J. Gotelli

et al.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 378(1881)

Published: May 29, 2023

Estimating biodiversity change across the planet in context of widespread human modification is a critical challenge. Here, we review how has changed recent decades scales and taxonomic groups, focusing on four diversity metrics: species richness, temporal turnover, spatial beta-diversity abundance. At local scales, all metrics includes many examples both increases declines tends to be centred around zero, but with higher prevalence declining trends (increasing similarity composition space or biotic homogenization) The exception this pattern changes through time observed most assemblages. Less known about at regional although several studies suggest that richness are more prevalent than declines. Change global scale hardest estimate accurately, extinction rates probably outpacing speciation rates, elevated. Recognizing variability essential accurately portray unfolding, highlights much remains unknown magnitude direction multiple different scales. Reducing these blind spots allow appropriate management actions deployed. This article part theme issue ‘Detecting attributing causes change: needs, gaps solutions’.

Language: Английский

Climate change leads to accelerated transformation of high‐elevation vegetation in the central Alps DOI Creative Commons
Andrea Lamprecht, Philipp Semenchuk, Klaus Steinbauer

et al.

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 220(2), P. 447 - 459

Published: June 25, 2018

High mountain ecosystems and their biota are governed by low-temperature conditions thus can be used as indicators for climate warming impacts on natural ecosystems, provided that long-term data exist. We from the largest alpine to nival permanent plot site in Alps, established frame of Global Observation Research Initiative Alpine Environments (GLORIA) Schrankogel Tyrolean Austria, 1994, resurveyed 2004 2014. Vascular plant species richness per increased over entire period, albeit a lesser extent second decade, because disappearance events markedly latter period. Although presence/absence could only marginally explain range shift dynamics, changes cover community composition indicate an accelerating transformation towards more warmth-demanding drought-adapted vegetation, which is strongest at lowest, least rugged subsite. Divergent responses vertical distribution groups suggest direct effects, rather than competitive displacement, primary causes observed patterns. The continued decrease cryophilic imply trailing edge dynamics proceed rapidly successful colonisation, would favour period accelerated declines.

Language: Английский

Citations

196
Status and trends in Arctic vegetation: Evidence from experimental warming and long-term monitoring DOI Open Access
Anne D. Bjorkman, Mariana García Criado, Isla H. Myers‐Smith

et al.

AMBIO, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 49(3), P. 678 - 692

Published: March 30, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

190
A Conceptual Framework for Range-Expanding Species that Track Human-Induced Environmental Change DOI Open Access
Franz Essl, Stefan Dullinger, Piero Genovesi

et al.

BioScience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 69(11), P. 908 - 919

Published: July 30, 2019

Abstract For many species, human-induced environmental changes are important indirect drivers of range expansion into new regions. We argue that it is to distinguish the dynamics such species from those occur without, or with less clear, involvement changes. elucidate salient features rapid increase in number whose human induced, and review relationships differences both natural biological invasions. discuss consequences for science, policy management an era global change highlight four key challenges relating basic gaps knowledge, transfer scientific understanding biodiversity policy. conclude range-expanding responding will become essential feature science Anthropocene. Finally, we propose term neonative these taxa.

Language: Английский

Citations

182
Climate and plant community diversity in space and time DOI Open Access
Susan Harrison, Marko J. Spasojevic, Daijiang Li

et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 117(9), P. 4464 - 4470

Published: Feb. 18, 2020

Climate strongly shapes plant diversity over large spatial scales, with relatively warm and wet (benign, productive) regions supporting greater numbers of species. Unresolved aspects this relationship include what causes it, whether it permeates to community at smaller is accompanied by patterns in functional phylogenetic as some hypotheses predict, paralleled climate-driven changes time. Here, studies Californian plants are reviewed new analyses conducted synthesize climate-diversity relationships space Across scales organizational levels, maximized more productive (wetter) climates, these consistent mirrored losses taxonomic, functional, time during a recent climatic drying trend. These results support the tolerance niche conservatism for relationships, suggest there predictability future water-limited climates.

Language: Английский

Citations

182
Contributions of Quaternary botany to modern ecology and biogeography DOI Open Access
H. J. B. Birks

Plant Ecology & Diversity, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(3-4), P. 189 - 385

Published: May 4, 2019

Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils (e.g. tree stumps), macrofossils seeds, leaves), and microfossils pollen, spores) preserved in peat bogs lake sediments. Although have been studied since the late eighteenth century, today is largely dominated by pollen analysis.Quaternary analysis just over 100 years old. It started primarily as a geological tool for correlation, relative dating, climate reconstruction. In 1950 major advance occurred with publication Knut Fægri Johs Iversen of their Text-book Modern Pollen Analysis which provided foundations botanical ecological past dynamics biota biotic systems. The development radiocarbon dating 1950s freed from being dating. As result these developments, became valuable implement long-term ecology biogeography.Selected contributions that has made to biogeography are reviewed. They fall into four general parts: (1) aspects interglacial glacial stages such location nature glacial-stage refugia soil glaciated unglaciated areas; (2) responses environmental change (spreading, extinction, persistence, adaptation); (3) topics potential niches, vegetation, forest dynamics; (4) its application human impact tropical systems, conservation changing world, island palaeoecology, plant–animal interactions, biodiversity patterns time.The future briefly discussed 10 suggestions presented help strengthen it links biogeography. much contribute when used conjunction new approaches ancient-DNA, molecular biomarkers, multi-proxy palaeoecology.

Language: Английский

Citations

180
Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps DOI
Yann Vitasse, Sylvain Ursenbacher, Geoffrey Klein

et al.

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(5), P. 1816 - 1835

Published: April 27, 2021

Mountain areas are biodiversity hotspots and provide a multitude of ecosystem services irreplaceable socio-economic value. In the European Alps, air temperature has increased at rate about 0.36°C decade-1 since 1970, leading to glacier retreat significant snowpack reduction. Due these rapid environmental changes, this mountainous region is undergoing marked changes in spring phenology elevational distribution animals, plants fungi. Long-term monitoring Alps offers an excellent natural laboratory synthetize climate-related for large array taxonomic groups. This review assesses climatic that have occurred across during recent decades, phenological upslope shifts plants, animals fungi from evidence published papers previously unpublished data. Our provides been shifting earlier past four decades ranges show upwards trend most groups which there sufficient The first observed activity reptiles terrestrial insects (e.g. butterflies) shifted significantly earlier, average -5.7 -6.0 days , respectively. By contrast, semi-aquatic dragonflies damselflies) amphibians, as well singing or laying dates resident birds, smaller non-significant trends ranging -1.0 +1.3 . Leaf-out flowering woody herbaceous showed intermediate with mean values -2.4 -2.8 Regarding species distribution, (N = 2133 species) elevation maximum abundance (optimum elevation) similar pace (on between +18 +25 m ) but substantial differences among taxa. For example, optimum upward by +36.2 +32.7 whereas it was estimated range +11 insects, ferns, birds wood-decaying upper limit (leading edge) also clearly higher (from +47 +91 than +17 +40 ), except (-4.7 ). Although regional land-use could partly explain some trends, consistent shift found almost all taxa over likely reflecting strong warming receding snow cover taken place decades. However, possible exception organisms seems currently too slow track isotherm induced climate warming, +62 +71 1970. light results, interactions change multiple trophic levels through spatial mismatches. nascent research field deserves greater attention allow us anticipate structural functional better level.

Language: Английский

Citations

178
Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems DOI
Janet F. Bornman, Paul W. Barnes,

T. Matthew Robson

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18(3), P. 681 - 716

Published: Feb. 27, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

166
High Mountain Areas DOI Open Access
Regine Hock,

Rasul Golam,

Miriam Jackson

et al.

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 131 - 202

Published: Feb. 2, 2022

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Language: Английский

Citations

163
Alpine vegetation in the context of climate change: A global review of past research and future directions DOI
Brodie Verrall, Catherine Marina Pickering

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 748, P. 141344 - 141344

Published: Aug. 2, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

153
Global patterns of intraspecific leaf trait responses to elevation DOI
Gabriele Midolo, Pieter De Frenne, Norbert Hölzel

et al.

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 2485 - 2498

Published: May 6, 2019

Abstract Elevational gradients are often used to quantify how traits of plant species respond abiotic and biotic environmental variations. Yet, such analyses frequently restricted spatially applied along single slopes or mountain ranges. Since we know little on the response intraspecific leaf elevation across globe, here perform a global meta‐analysis in 109 located 4 continents reported 71 studies published between 1983 2018. We quantified change seven morpho‐ecophysiological elevational gradients: specific area (SLA), mass per (LMA), (LA), nitrogen concentration unit (N ), phosphorous (P ) carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C). found LMA, N , δ C significantly increase SLA decrease with increasing elevation. Conversely, LA P showed no significant pattern worldwide. larger warmer regions. Larger responses were apparent for herbaceous compared woody species, but not other traits. Finally, also detected evidences covariation morphological physiological within same gradient. In sum, demonstrate that there common cross‐species patterns trait variation Irrespective whether is genetically determined via local adaptation attributed phenotypic plasticity, suggest adapted live range temperature conditions. distribution biota predominantly shifting upslope changes conditions, our results important further understanding plants ecosystems adapt change.

Language: Английский

Citations

150