Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
79(4)
Published: April 1, 2022
Abstract
Microglia
are
specialized
dynamic
immune
cells
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
that
plays
a
crucial
role
brain
homeostasis
and
disease
states.
Persistent
neuroinflammation
is
considered
hallmark
of
many
neurodegenerative
diseases,
including
Alzheimer’s
(AD),
Parkinson's
(PD),
Huntington’s
(HD),
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
(ALS)
primary
progressive
multiple
(MS).
Colony
stimulating
factor
1-receptor
(CSF-1R)
predominantly
expressed
on
microglia
its
expression
significantly
increased
diseases.
Cumulative
findings
have
indicated
CSF-1R
inhibitors
can
beneficial
effects
preclinical
models.
Research
using
has
now
been
extended
into
non-human
primates
humans.
This
review
article
summarizes
most
recent
advances
different
conditions
AD,
PD,
HD,
ALS
MS.
Potential
challenges
for
translating
these
clinical
practice
presented.
Science,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
380(6640)
Published: April 6, 2023
Contemporary
studies
have
completely
changed
the
view
of
brain
immunity
from
envisioning
as
isolated
and
inaccessible
to
peripheral
immune
cells
an
organ
in
close
physical
functional
communication
with
system
for
its
maintenance,
function,
repair.
Circulating
reside
special
niches
brain's
borders,
choroid
plexus,
meninges,
perivascular
spaces,
which
they
patrol
sense
a
remote
manner.
These
niches,
together
meningeal
lymphatic
skull
microchannels,
provide
multiple
routes
interaction
between
system,
addition
blood
vasculature.
In
this
Review,
we
describe
current
ideas
about
their
implications
aging,
diseases,
immune-based
therapeutic
approaches.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
219(3)
Published: Feb. 24, 2022
Microglia,
the
main
immunocompetent
cells
of
brain,
regulate
neuronal
function,
but
their
contribution
to
cerebral
blood
flow
(CBF)
regulation
has
remained
elusive.
Here,
we
identify
microglia
as
important
modulators
CBF
both
under
physiological
conditions
and
during
hypoperfusion.
Microglia
establish
direct,
dynamic
purinergic
contacts
with
in
neurovascular
unit
that
shape
mice
humans.
Surprisingly,
absence
or
blockade
microglial
P2Y12
receptor
(P2Y12R)
substantially
impairs
coupling
mice,
which
is
reiterated
by
chemogenetically
induced
dysfunction
associated
impaired
ATP
sensitivity.
Hypercapnia
induces
rapid
calcium
changes,
P2Y12R-mediated
formation
perivascular
phylopodia,
adenosine
production,
while
depletion
reduces
brain
pH
hypercapnia-induced
vasodilation.
Microglial
actions
modulate
vascular
cyclic
GMP
levels
are
partially
independent
nitric
oxide.
Finally,
markedly
cerebrovascular
adaptation
common
carotid
artery
occlusion
resulting
Thus,
our
data
reveal
a
previously
unrecognized
role
for
regulation,
broad
implications
neurological
diseases.
Glia,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
69(7), P. 1637 - 1653
Published: Dec. 28, 2020
Microglia
are
innate
immune
cells
of
the
central
nervous
system
that
sense
extracellular
cues.
Brain
injuries,
inflammation,
and
pathology
evoke
dynamic
structural
responses
in
microglia,
altering
their
morphology
motility.
The
motility
microglia
is
hypothesized
to
be
a
critical
first
step
sensing
local
alterations
engaging
pattern-specific
responses.
Alongside
pathological
responses,
also
regulate
neuronal
activity.
In
this
review,
we
consider
molecules,
receptors,
mechanisms
allow
activity
changes
under
both
hypoactivity
hyperactivity.
We
highlight
emerging
vivo
evidence
activity,
ranging
from
physiological
pathophysiological
conditions.
addition,
discuss
role
calcium
signaling
microglial
environment.
function
monitoring
influencing
may
for
brain
homeostasis
circuit
modification
health
disease.
Ageing Research Reviews,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
69, P. 101372 - 101372
Published: May 21, 2021
Our
incomplete
understanding
of
the
link
between
Alzheimer's
Disease
pathology
and
symptomatology
is
a
crucial
obstacle
for
therapeutic
success.
Recently,
translational
studies
have
begun
to
connect
dots
protein
alterations
deposition,
brain
network
dysfunction
cognitive
deficits.
Disturbance
neuronal
activity,
in
particular
an
imbalance
underlying
excitation/inhibition
(E/I),
appears
early
AD,
can
be
regarded
as
forming
central
structural
dysfunction.
While
there
are
emerging
(non-)pharmacological
options
influence
this
imbalance,
complexity
human
dynamics
has
hindered
identification
optimal
approach.
We
suggest
that
focusing
on
integration
neurophysiological
aspects
AD
at
micro-,
meso-
macroscale,
with
support
computational
modeling,
unite
fundamental
clinical
knowledge,
provide
general
framework,
rational
targets.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Sept. 16, 2021
Neuroinflammation
play
an
important
role
in
Alzheimer’s
disease
pathogenesis.
Advances
molecular
imaging
using
positron
emission
tomography
have
provided
insights
into
the
time
course
of
neuroinflammation
and
its
relation
with
central
pathologies
patients
animal
models.
Recent
single-cell
sequencing
transcriptomics
indicate
dynamic
disease-associated
microglia
astrocyte
profiles
disease.
Mitochondrial
18-kDa
translocator
protein
is
most
widely
investigated
target
for
imaging.
New
generation
tracers
improved
performance
been
developed
evaluated
along
tau
amyloid
assessing
progression
continuum.
Given
that
not
exclusively
expressed
glia,
alternative
targets
are
under
rapid
development,
such
as
monoamine
oxidase
B,
matrix
metalloproteinases,
colony-stimulating
factor
1
receptor,
imidazoline-2
binding
sites,
cyclooxygenase,
cannabinoid-2
purinergic
P2X7
P2Y12
fractalkine
triggering
receptor
on
myeloid
cells
2,
advanced
glycation
end
products.
Promising
should
demonstrate
a
higher
specificity
cellular
locations
exclusive
expression
or
activation
status
(pro-
anti-inflammatory)
highly
specific
ligand
to
enable
vivo
brain
In
this
review,
we
summarised
recent
advances
development
outlook
promising
future.
