Non-exhaust vehicle emissions of particulate matter and VOC from road traffic: A review

Atmospheric Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 262, P. 118592 - 118592

Published: July 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Aging of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Aerosol

ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. 722 - 748

Published: April 5, 2021

Emitted by numerous primary sources and formed secondary sources, atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) aerosol is chemically complex. As BrC ages in the atmosphere via a variety of chemical physical processes, its composition optical properties change significantly, altering impacts on climate. Research past decade has considerably expanded our understanding reactions both gas condensed phases. We review these recent advances aging chemistry with focus phase leading to formation, aqueous in-cloud particle reactions. Connections are made between single component proxies more complex mixtures as well laboratory field measurements chemistry. General conclusions that can darken particles over short time scales hours close source considerable photobleaching oxidative whitening will occur when day or removed from source.

Language: Английский

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Pollution and the Heart

New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 385(20), P. 1881 - 1892

Published: Nov. 10, 2021

ardiovascular diseases are the world's leading cause of disability and death.Such were responsible in 2019 for an estimated 18.6 million deaths globally 957,000 United States. 1,2reat gains have been made reducing incidence cardiovascular disease related mortality high-income countries.Identification risk factors such as tobacco use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, diabetes large, prospective, multiyear epidemiologic studies has key.Recognition these increased awareness diseases, enhanced early detection, guided treatment prevention.These advances contributed to more than a 50% decline from States since 1950. 3ollution -unwanted material released into environment by human activity -is another important yet often overlooked factor (Fig. 1). 4 The Global Burden Disease (GBD) study estimates that pollution was 9 worldwide 2019, 61.9% which due disease, including ischemic heart (31.7%) stroke (27.7%) 2A). 1 These numbers, large they are, almost certainly undercount full contribution global burden because based on only subset environmental factors. 4ntil now, reduction received scant attention programs control largely absent guidelines regarding prevention focused exclusively individual behavioral metabolic 5This is omission, incorporation could save millions lives.In this review, we summarize current evidence linking suggest evidence-based strategies prevention.We discuss exposure persons but argue lasting pollution-related can be achieved through government-supported interventions societal scale at its source encourage rapid transition clean energy.We note actions will also slow pace climate change thus produce double benefit.Only multipronged strategy combines with epidemic contained. A ir Pollu tionAir complex mixture varies concentration composition according time place greatly influenced weather. 5,6It includes particulate gaseous primary pollutants nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, directly atmosphere,

Language: Английский

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Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive expert review

Cardiovascular Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(14), P. 2880 - 2902

Published: Sept. 30, 2021

Abstract Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are fatal for more than 38 million people each year and thus the main contributors to global burden of disease accounting 70% mortality. The majority these deaths caused by cardiovascular (CVD). risk NCDs is strongly associated with exposure environmental stressors such as pollutants in air, noise exposure, artificial light at night, climate change, including heat extremes, desert storms, wildfires. In addition traditional factors CVD diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, genetic predisposition, there a growing body evidence showing that physicochemical environment contribute significantly high NCD numbers. Furthermore, urbanization accumulation intensification stressors. This comprehensive expert review will summarize epidemiology pathophysiology focus on NCDs. We also discuss solutions mitigation measures lower impact CVD.

Language: Английский

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Global health burden of ambient PM2.5 and the contribution of anthropogenic black carbon and organic aerosols

Environment International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 159, P. 107020 - 107020

Published: Dec. 8, 2021

Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a major global health risk, commonly assessed by assuming equivalent toxicity for different PM2.5 constituents. We used data-informed atmospheric model and recent exposure–response functions calculate the burden of ambient from ten source categories. estimate 4.23 (95% confidence interval 3.0–6.14) million excess deaths annually PM2.5. distinguished contributions sources black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosols (POA) anthropogenic secondary (aSOA). These components make up ∼20% total in South East Asia Africa. find that domestic energy use burning solid biofuels is largest contributor BC, POA aSOA globally. Epidemiological toxicological studies indicate these compounds may be relatively more hazardous than other such as soluble salts, related their high potential inflict oxidative stress. performed sensitivity analyses considering species harmful compared PM2.5, suggested using range relative risks. show emerges leading cause mortality attributable notably acknowledge uncertainties inherent our assumed enhanced BC aerosol components, which suggest need better understand mechanisms magnitude associated risks consequences regulatory policies. However assessment importance emissions premature robust assumptions about risk.

Language: Английский

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European aerosol phenomenology − 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets

Environment International, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 166, P. 107325 - 107325

Published: May 31, 2022

Organic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensive knowledge OA sources across Europe crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. has well-established air quality research infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) 1 mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013-2019. It includes 9 non-urban 13 urban sites. This study developed state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol analyse long-term spectrum data by applying the most advanced strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, bootstrap). harmonised was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making results more comparable. In addition, it enables quantification common components such as hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), cooking-like (COA), oxidised-oxygenated (MO-OOA), less (LO-OOA). Other coal combustion (CCOA), solid fuel (SFOA: mainly mixture peat combustion), cigarette smoke (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic but part spectrum), coffee OA, ship industry could also be separated at few specific Oxygenated (OOA) make up (average = 71.1%, range 43.7 100%). Solid combustion-related BBOA, CCOA, SFOA) are still considerable with in 16.0% yearly contribution yet winter months (21.4%). Overall, this works effectively sites governed different generates robust consistent results. Our work presents overview unique combination high time resolution (30-240 min) coverage (9-36 months), providing essential information improve/validate quality, health impact, climate models.

Language: Английский

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Passage of exogeneous fine particles from the lung into the brain in humans and animals

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(26)

Published: June 22, 2022

There are still significant knowledge gaps in understanding the intrusion and retention of exogeneous particles into central nervous system (CNS). Here, we uncovered various fine human cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) identified ambient environmental or occupational exposure sources these particles, including commonly found (e.g., Fe- Ca-containing ones) other compositions that have not been reported previously (such as malayaite anatase TiO 2 ), by mapping their chemical structural fingerprints. Furthermore, using mouse vitro models, unveiled a possible translocation pathway inhaled from lung to brain through blood circulation (via dedicated biodistribution mechanistic studies). Importantly, with aid isotope labeling, obtained kinetics mice, indicating much slower clearance rate localized exogenous than main metabolic organs. Collectively, our results provide piece evidence on CNS support association between inhalation transport tissues. This work thus provides additional insights for continued investigation adverse effects air pollution brain.

Language: Английский

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Engine emissions with air pollutants and greenhouse gases and their control technologies

Journal of Cleaner Production, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 376, P. 134260 - 134260

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

Language: Английский

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Toxic potency-adjusted control of air pollution for solid fuel combustion

Nature Energy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 194 - 202

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Abstract The combustion of solid fuels, including coal and biomass, is a main anthropogenic source atmospheric particulate matter (PM). hidden costs have been underestimated due to lack consideration the toxicity PM. Here we report unequal inhalable PM emitted from energy use in residential sector coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). incomplete burning fuels household stoves generates much higher concentrations carbonaceous matter, resulting more than one order magnitude greater that CFPPs. When compared with CFPPs, consumed only tenth mainland China 2017, but it contributed about 200-fold population-weighted toxic potency-adjusted 2.5 exposure risk. We suggest -related should be considered when making air pollution emission control strategies, sources receive policy attention reduce risks.

Language: Английский

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Updated World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines Highlight the Importance of Non-anthropogenic PM_2.5

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(6), P. 501 - 506

Published: June 6, 2022

The World Health Organization recently updated their air quality guideline for annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure from 10 to 5 μg m-3, citing global health considerations. We explore if this is attainable across different regions of the world using a series model sensitivity simulations 2019. Our results indicate that >90% population exposed PM2.5 concentrations exceed m-3 and only few sparsely populated (largely in boreal North America Asia) experience average <5 m-3. find even under an extreme abatement scenario, with no anthropogenic emissions, more than half world's would still exposures above (including >70% >60% African Asian populations, respectively), largely due fires natural dust. demonstrate large heterogeneity composition highlight how sensitive reductions emissions. thus suggest use speciated aerosol guidelines help facilitate region-specific management decisions improve health-burden estimates exposure.

Language: Английский

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