Global Carbon Budget 2022

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. 4811 - 4900

Published: Nov. 11, 2022

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize data sets methodologies quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, land use bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The ocean sink (SOCEAN) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based products. (SLAND) dynamic vegetation resulting imbalance (BIM), difference between total biosphere, measure imperfect understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1 % relative 2020, fossil at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.9 when carbonation included), ELUC was 1.1 0.7 yr−1, for emission (including sink) 10.9 0.8 (40.0 2.9 GtCO2). Also, GATM 5.2 0.2 (2.5 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 0.4 SLAND 3.5 0.9 BIM −0.6 (i.e. sources were too low or sinks high). atmospheric averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ppm. Preliminary 2022 suggest an increase +1.0 (0.1 1.9 %) globally reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2021, but discrepancies up 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) agreement different methods magnitude flux northern extratropics, (3) discrepancy strength last decade. This living update documents used this new progress cycle compared previous publications set. presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).

Language: Английский

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Global Carbon Budget 2023

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(12), P. 5301 - 5369

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize data sets methodology quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The ocean sink (SOCEAN) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based fCO2 products. (SLAND) dynamic vegetation Additional lines evidence land sinks provided by atmospheric inversions, oxygen measurements, Earth system resulting imbalance (BIM), difference between total biosphere, measure imperfect incomplete understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2022, EFOS increased 0.9 % relative 2021, fossil at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 when carbonation not included), ELUC was 1.2±0.7 yr−1, for emission (including sink) 11.1±0.8 (40.7±3.2 yr−1). Also, GATM 4.6±0.2 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; denotes parts per million), SOCEAN 2.8±0.4 SLAND 3.8±0.8 BIM −0.1 (i.e. sources marginally too low or high). averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary 2023 suggest an increase +1.1 (0.0 2.1 %) globally reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 above pre-industrial level (around 278 1750). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2022, near-zero overall imbalance, although discrepancies up around 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows following: (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) agreement different methods magnitude flux northern extra-tropics, (3) discrepancy strength last decade. This living-data update documents applied this most recent well evolving community presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

Language: Английский

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River ecosystem metabolism and carbon biogeochemistry in a changing world

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 613(7944), P. 449 - 459

Published: Jan. 18, 2023

Language: Английский

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Trends and variability in the ocean carbon sink

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 119 - 134

Published: Jan. 24, 2023

Language: Английский

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Coastal vegetation and estuaries are collectively a greenhouse gas sink

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 579 - 587

Published: May 22, 2023

Language: Английский

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The black carbon cycle and its role in the Earth system

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(8), P. 516 - 532

Published: July 7, 2022

Language: Английский

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Mangrove reforestation provides greater blue carbon benefit than afforestation for mitigating global climate change

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

Significant efforts have been invested to restore mangrove forests worldwide through reforestation and afforestation. However, blue carbon benefit has not compared between these two silvicultural pathways at the global scale. Here, we integrated results from direct field measurements of over 370 restoration sites around world show that (reestablishing mangroves where they previously colonized) had a greater storage potential per hectare than afforestation (establishing mangrove). Greater accumulation was mainly attributed favorable intertidal positioning, higher nitrogen availability, lower salinity most sites. Reforestation all physically feasible areas in deforested regions could promote uptake 671.5-688.8 Tg CO2-eq globally 40-year period, 60% more afforesting same area on tidal flats (more marginal sites). Along with avoiding conflicts habitat conversion, should be given priority when designing nature-based solutions for mitigating climate change.

Language: Английский

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The Ocean Carbon Cycle

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 47(1), P. 317 - 341

Published: July 25, 2022

The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon that it continually exchanges with the atmosphere through air-sea interface. Because its enormous size and relatively rapid exchange atmosphere, controls atmospheric CO 2 concentration thereby Earth's climate on timescales tens to thousands years. This review examines basic functions ocean's cycle, demonstrating inventory is determined primarily by mass ocean, chemical speciation in seawater, action solubility biological pumps draw into deeper layers, where can be sequestered for decades millennia. also plays a critical role moderating impacts change absorbing an amount equivalent about 25% anthropogenic emissions over past several decades. However, this leads acidification reduces buffering capacity future ability take up . closes look at uncertain cycle scientific challenges uncertainty brings.

Language: Английский

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National CO₂ budgets (2015–2020) inferred from atmospheric CO₂ observations in support of the global stocktake

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 963 - 1004

Published: March 7, 2023

Abstract. Accurate accounting of emissions and removals CO2 is critical for the planning verification emission reduction targets in support Paris Agreement. Here, we present a pilot dataset country-specific net carbon exchange (NCE; fossil plus terrestrial ecosystem fluxes) stock changes aimed at informing countries' budgets. These estimates are based on “top-down” NCE outputs from v10 Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) modeling intercomparison project (MIP), wherein an ensemble inverse groups conducted standardized experiments assimilating OCO-2 column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) retrievals (ACOS v10), situ measurements or combinations these data. The MIP combined with “bottom-up” fuel lateral fluxes to estimate stocks, which impacted by anthropogenic natural drivers. flux change reported annually (2015–2020) as both global 1∘ × gridded country-level available download Committee Earth Observation Satellites' (CEOS) website: https://doi.org/10.48588/npf6-sw92 (Byrne et al., 2022). Across experiments, obtain increases median stocks 3.29–4.58 Pg yr−1 (0.90–1.25 C yr−1). This result broad across northern extratropics, while tropics generally have losses but considerable regional variability differences between experiments. We discuss state science tracking using top-down methods, including current limitations future developments towards monitoring systems.

Language: Английский

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Rock organic carbon oxidation CO2 release offsets silicate weathering sink

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 623(7986), P. 329 - 333

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Mountain uplift and erosion have regulated the balance of carbon between Earth's interior atmosphere, where prior focus has been placed on role silicate mineral weathering in CO2 drawdown its contribution to stability climate a habitable state1-5. However, can also release as rock organic (OCpetro) is oxidized at near surface6,7; this important geological flux remained poorly constrained3,8. We use trace element rhenium combination with spatial extrapolation model quantify across global river catchments3,9. find [Formula: see text] megatons annually from OCpetro near-surface rocks, rivalling or even exceeding by scale10. Hotspots are found mountain ranges high rates exposing fine-grained sedimentary rock, such eastern Himalayas, Rocky Mountains Andes. Our results demonstrate that far inert causes regions be net sources sinks CO2. This raises questions, not yet fully studied, how drive long-term cycle contribute fine fluxes biosphere lithosphere2,11.

Language: Английский

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