Macrophages
are
a
highly
adaptive
population
of
innate
immune
cells.
Polarization
with
IFNγ
and
LPS
into
the
‘classically
activated’
M1
macrophage
enhances
pro-inflammatory
microbicidal
responses,
important
for
eradicating
bacteria
such
as
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
.
By
contrast,
‘alternatively
M2
macrophages,
polarized
IL-4,
oppose
bactericidal
mechanisms
allow
mycobacterial
growth.
These
activation
states
accompanied
by
distinct
metabolic
profiles,
where
macrophages
favor
near
exclusive
use
glycolysis,
whereas
up-regulate
oxidative
phosphorylation
(OXPHOS).
Here,
we
demonstrate
that
IL-4
IL-13
counterintuitively
induces
protective
memory
against
challenge.
In
human
murine
models,
prior
IL-4/13
cytokine
secretion
in
response
to
secondary
stimulation
ligands.
our
model,
enhanced
killing
capacity
is
also
demonstrated.
Despite
this
switch
phenotype,
trained
do
not
M1-typical
metabolism,
instead
retaining
heightened
OXPHOS.
Moreover,
inhibition
OXPHOS
oligomycin,
2-deoxy
glucose
or
BPTES
all
impeded
responses
from
macrophages.
Lastly,
work
identifies
IL-10
attenuates
training,
impeding
mechanisms.
summary,
provides
new
unexpected
insight
alternative
context
infection.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(1)
Published: May 15, 2024
Abstract
Mitochondria,
with
their
intricate
networks
of
functions
and
information
processing,
are
pivotal
in
both
health
regulation
disease
progression.
Particularly,
mitochondrial
dysfunctions
identified
many
common
pathologies,
including
cardiovascular
diseases,
neurodegeneration,
metabolic
syndrome,
cancer.
However,
the
multifaceted
nature
elusive
phenotypic
threshold
dysfunction
complicate
our
understanding
contributions
to
diseases.
Nonetheless,
these
complexities
do
not
prevent
mitochondria
from
being
among
most
important
therapeutic
targets.
In
recent
years,
strategies
targeting
have
continuously
emerged
transitioned
clinical
trials.
Advanced
intervention
such
as
using
healthy
replenish
or
replace
damaged
mitochondria,
has
shown
promise
preclinical
trials
various
Mitochondrial
components,
mtDNA,
mitochondria-located
microRNA,
associated
proteins
can
be
potential
agents
augment
function
immunometabolic
diseases
tissue
injuries.
Here,
we
review
current
knowledge
pathophysiology
concrete
examples
We
also
summarize
treat
perspective
dietary
supplements
targeted
therapies,
well
translational
situation
related
pharmacology
agents.
Finally,
this
discusses
innovations
applications
transplantation
an
advanced
promising
treatment.
Molecular Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
74, P. 101755 - 101755
Published: June 16, 2023
Recently,
the
hallmarks
of
aging
were
updated
to
include
dysbiosis,
disabled
macroautophagy,
and
chronic
inflammation.
In
particular,
low-grade
inflammation
during
aging,
without
overt
infection,
is
defined
as
"inflammaging,"
which
associated
with
increased
morbidity
mortality
in
population.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
a
bidirectional
cyclical
relationship
between
development
age-related
conditions,
such
cardiovascular
diseases,
neurodegeneration,
cancer,
frailty.
How
crosstalk
other
underlies
biological
mechanisms
disease
thus
particular
interest
current
geroscience
research.
Cellular and Molecular Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
19(11), P. 1201 - 1214
Published: Sept. 20, 2022
Abstract
NOD-,
LRR-,
and
pyrin
domain-containing
3
(NLRP3)
is
a
cytosolic
innate
immune
sensor
of
cellular
stress
signals,
triggered
by
infection
sterile
inflammation.
Upon
detection
an
activating
stimulus,
NLRP3
transitions
from
inactive
homo-oligomeric
multimer
into
active
multimeric
inflammasome,
which
promotes
the
helical
oligomeric
assembly
adaptor
molecule
ASC.
ASC
oligomers
provide
platform
for
caspase-1
activation,
leading
to
proteolytic
cleavage
activation
proinflammatory
cytokines
in
IL-1
family
gasdermin
D,
can
induce
lytic
form
cell
death.
Recent
studies
investigating
both
requirement
structure
have
revealed
complex
regulation
multiple
steps
involved
its
activation.
This
review
presents
perspective
on
biochemical
processes
controlling
inflammasome
with
particular
emphasis
structural
role
organelles.
We
also
highlight
latest
research
metabolic
control
this
inflammatory
pathway
discuss
promising
clinical
targets
intervention.
Nature,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
628(8006), P. 195 - 203
Published: March 13, 2024
Abstract
Sustained
smouldering,
or
low-grade
activation,
of
myeloid
cells
is
a
common
hallmark
several
chronic
neurological
diseases,
including
multiple
sclerosis
1
.
Distinct
metabolic
and
mitochondrial
features
guide
the
activation
diverse
functional
states
2
However,
how
these
act
to
perpetuate
inflammation
central
nervous
system
unclear.
Here,
using
multiomics
approach,
we
identify
molecular
signature
that
sustains
microglia
through
complex
I
activity
driving
reverse
electron
transport
production
reactive
oxygen
species.
Mechanistically,
blocking
in
pro-inflammatory
protects
against
neurotoxic
damage
improves
outcomes
an
animal
disease
model
vivo.
Complex
potential
therapeutic
target
foster
neuroprotection
inflammatory
disorders
3
Nature,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
620(7975), P. 890 - 897
Published: Aug. 9, 2023
Abstract
Alveolar
epithelial
type
1
(AT1)
cells
are
necessary
to
transfer
oxygen
and
carbon
dioxide
between
the
blood
air.
2
(AT2)
serve
as
a
partially
committed
stem
cell
population,
producing
AT1
during
postnatal
alveolar
development
repair
after
influenza
A
SARS-CoV-2
pneumonia
1–6
.
Little
is
known
about
metabolic
regulation
of
fate
lung
cells.
Here
we
report
that
deleting
mitochondrial
electron
transport
chain
complex
I
subunit
Ndufs2
in
mouse
gestation
led
death
development.
Affected
mice
displayed
hypertrophic
with
AT2
features,
transitional
Mammalian
I,
comprising
45
subunits,
regenerates
NAD
+
pumps
protons.
Conditional
expression
yeast
NADH
dehydrogenase
(NDI1)
protein
without
proton
pumping
7,8
was
sufficient
correct
abnormal
avert
lethality.
Single-cell
RNA
sequencing
revealed
enrichment
integrated
stress
response
(ISR)
genes
Administering
an
ISR
inhibitor
9,10
or
precursor
reduced
gene
signatures
rescued
lethality
absence
function.
Notably,
epithelial-specific
loss
II
Sdhd
,
which
maintains
regeneration,
did
not
trigger
high
activation
These
findings
highlight
unanticipated
requirement
for
I-dependent
regeneration
directing
by
preventing
pathological
induction.