The Epidemiology of Long Coronavirus Disease in US Adults

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 76(9), P. 1636 - 1645

Published: Dec. 21, 2022

Abstract Background We estimated the prevalence of long COVID and impact on daily living among a representative sample adults in United States. Methods conducted population-representative survey, 30 June–2 July 2022, random 3042 US aged 18 years or older weighted to 2020 population. Using questions developed by UK's Office National Statistics, we COVID, sociodemographics, adjusting for gender age. Results An 7.3% (95% confidence interval: 6.1–8.5%) all respondents reported corresponding approximately 828 696 adults. One-quarter (25.3% [18.2–32.4%]) with their day-to-day activities were impacted “a lot” 28.9% had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection more than 12 months ago. The was higher who female (adjusted ratio [aPR]: 1.84 [1.40–2.42]), comorbidities (aPR: 1.55 [1.19–2.00]), not (vs were) boosted 1.67 [1.19–2.34]) vaccinated boosted) 1.41 [1.05–1.91]). Conclusions observed high burden substantial variability SARS-CoV-2, risk factors unique from SARS-CoV-2 risk, suggesting areas future research. Population-based surveys are an important surveillance tool supplement ongoing efforts monitor COVID.

Language: Английский

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SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, mink have the highest likelihood become infected from or further SARS-CoV-2. In EU, 44 outbreaks were reported 2021 farms seven MSs, while only six 2022 two thus representing a decreasing trend. introduction into usually via humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering adequate biosecurity. current most appropriate monitoring approach for outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, dead clinically sick case increased mortality positive farm personnel genomic surveillance virus variants. analysis showed mink-specific clusters with potential spill back human population. companion cats, ferrets hamsters those at risk infection, which likely originates an human, has no very low impact circulation wild (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes been naturally cases wildlife so far. Proper disposal waste advised reduce risks spill-over wildlife. Furthermore, contact wildlife, especially if dead, should minimised. No specific recommended apart hunter-harvested clinical signs found-dead. Bats monitored as natural host many coronaviruses.

Language: Английский

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Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: triumph of hope over experience

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 92, P. 104585 - 104585

Published: May 3, 2023

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is reduced effectiveness of these in preventing breakthrough infection and/or onward transmission, likely due to poor immunity elicited at the respiratory mucosa. As such, has been considerable interest developing novel mucosal that engenders more localised immune responses provide better protection recall site virus entry, contrast traditional vaccine approaches focus on immunity. In this review, we explore adaptive components immunity, evaluate epidemiological studies dissect if conferred by parenteral vaccination or drives differential efficacy acquisition discuss undergoing clinical trials assess key challenges prospects for development.

Language: Английский

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Cross-protection induced by highly conserved human B, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell epitopes-based vaccine against severe infection, disease, and death caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created one of the largest global health crises in almost a century. Although current rate Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections decreased significantly, long-term outlook COVID-19 remains serious cause morbidity and mortality worldwide, with still substantially surpassing even that recorded for influenza viruses. continued emergence SARS-CoV-2 variants concern (VOCs), including multiple heavily mutated Omicron sub-variants, prolonged underscores urgent need next-generation vaccine will protect from VOCs. Methods We designed multi-epitope-based incorporated B, CD4 + , CD8 T- cell epitopes conserved among all known VOCs selectively recognized by T-cells asymptomatic patients irrespective VOC infection. safety, immunogenicity, cross-protective immunity this pan-variant were studied against six using an innovative triple transgenic h-ACE-2-HLA-A2/DR mouse model. Results (i) is safe (ii) induces high frequencies lung-resident functional T EM RM cells (iii) provides robust protection virus replication. COVID-19-related lung pathology death caused VOCs: Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma or P1 (B.1.1.28.1), Delta (lineage B.1.617.2), (B.1.1.529). Conclusion A multi-epitope bearing human B- structural non-structural antigens induced facilitated clearance, reduced morbidity, pathology,

Language: Английский

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The Real Cost of Political Polarization: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic

SSRN Electronic Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

How does the effect of partisanship on behavior and attitudes vary across contexts? Using new individual-level panel data COVID-19 pandemic from 54,216 US adults between March 2020-September 2021, we assess how relates to personal costs benefits behaviors, their public symbolism, political context. We exploit plausibly exogenous changes in vaccine rollout, vaccination status, within-state policy variation using a variety fixed effects models that leverage advantages data. Although impact individuals' actions views is extensive even (ostensibly) apolitical domains, it tempered by higher net actions, lower elite choices counter national party cues.

Language: Английский

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Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination against asymptomatic and symptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 in Hong Kong: a prospective cohort study

The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 421 - 434

Published: Dec. 12, 2022

Language: Английский

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Vaccine effectiveness against transmission of alpha, delta and omicron SARS-COV-2-infection, Belgian contact tracing, 2021–2022

Vaccine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 41(20), P. 3292 - 3300

Published: April 5, 2023

Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) of SARS-CoV-2-infection can be estimated from secondary attack rates observed during contact tracing. We VET, the vaccine-effect on infectiousness index case and susceptibility high-risk exposure (HREC).We fitted RT-PCR-test results HREC to immunity status (vaccine schedule, prior infection, time since last immunity-conferring event), age, sex, calendar week sampling, household, background positivity rate dominant VOC using a multilevel Bayesian regression-model. included Belgian data collected between January 2021 2022.For primary BNT162b2-vaccination we initial VET at 96% (95%CI 95-97) Alpha, 87% 84-88) Delta 31% 25-37) Omicron. Initial booster-vaccination (mRNA booster-vaccination) was 86-89) 68% 65-70) The VET-estimate Omicron decreased 71% 64-78) 55% 46-62) respectively, 150-200 days after booster-vaccination. Hybrid immunity, defined as vaccination documented associated with durable higher or comparable (by number antigen exposures) protection transmission.While VOC-specific immune-escape, especially by Omicron, waning over immunization, remained reduced risk SARS-CoV-2-transmission.

Language: Английский

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Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 370 - 370

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity led to development of multiple effective vaccines their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, substantial proportion human possesses from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging variants, it is essential understand duration protection, breadth coverage, effects reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, hybrid immunity. Infection-derived shown 93-100% outcomes for up 8 months, but reinfection observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels neutralizing antibodies CD4+ CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid enables strong, broad responses, high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- 10-fold higher levels, versus or vaccination alone symptomatic disease lasting 6-8 months. evolution more transmissible immunologically divergent variants necessitated updating vaccines. To ensure continued regulators vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific bivalent

Language: Английский

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T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination

BMJ Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. e000468 - e000468

Published: Nov. 1, 2023

The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccination broad, and spans multiple proteins epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far long lasting provides high level cross reactivity hence resistance to escape by variants virus, such as omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust responses, heterologous will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. could have major role protecting against severe covid-19 disease rapid clearance early presentation presence reactive cells might this protection. likely provide ongoing protection admission hospital death, development pan-coronovirus future proof new pandemic strains.

Language: Английский

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Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Sept. 12, 2023

The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more complex over time and diverse imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals. Despite vaccination, following emergence Omicron variant, some individuals appear susceptible to primary infections reinfections than others, underscoring need elucidate how are influenced by previous vaccination. IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies T-cell 1,325 (955 which were infection-naive) investigated before after three doses BNT162b2 vaccine, examining their relation breakthrough context Omicron. Our study shows that both humoral cellular vaccination generally higher infection compared infection-naive. Notably, viral exposure was crucial achieving a robust IgA response. Individuals with lower antibody postvaccination had significantly risk reinfection future infections. This not for responses. A subsequent dampened infection, consistent imprinting. These results underscore significant impact hybrid immunity general, particularly even revaccination, importance preventing

Language: Английский

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