SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, mink have the highest likelihood become infected from or further SARS-CoV-2. In EU, 44 outbreaks were reported 2021 farms seven MSs, while only six 2022 two thus representing a decreasing trend. introduction into usually via humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering adequate biosecurity. current most appropriate monitoring approach for outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, dead clinically sick case increased mortality positive farm personnel genomic surveillance virus variants. analysis showed mink-specific clusters with potential spill back human population. companion cats, ferrets hamsters those at risk infection, which likely originates an human, has no very low impact circulation wild (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes been naturally cases wildlife so far. Proper disposal waste advised reduce risks spill-over wildlife. Furthermore, contact wildlife, especially if dead, should minimised. No specific recommended apart hunter-harvested clinical signs found-dead. Bats monitored as natural host many coronaviruses.

Language: Английский

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A Critical Analysis of the Evidence for the SARS-CoV-2 Origin Hypotheses

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 97(4)

Published: March 10, 2023

When humans experience a new, devastating viral infection such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), significant challenges arise. How should individuals well societies respond to the situation? One of primary questions concerns origin SARS-CoV-2 virus that infected and was transmitted efficiently among humans, resulting in pandemic. At first glance, question appears straightforward answer. However, has been topic substantial debate primarily because we do not have access some relevant data. least two major hypotheses suggested: natural through zoonosis followed by sustained human-to-human spread or introduction into from laboratory source. Here, summarize scientific evidence informs this provide our fellow scientists public with tools join discussion constructive informed manner. Our goal is dissect make it more accessible those interested important problem. The engagement broad representation critical ensure policy-makers can draw on expertise navigating controversy.

Language: Английский

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Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Veterinary Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 290, P. 110001 - 110001

Published: Jan. 21, 2024

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging zoonotic virus of public and animal health concern, which felids have been suggested as potential reservoirs. Although SARS-CoV-2 exposure has detected in domestic wild captive animals belonging to Felidae family, surveillance not carried out free-ranging so far. aim the present study was assess Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), most endangered felid world. Between 2019 2022, we conducted a seroepidemiological 276 lynxes. Our results evidenced limited (0.4%; 95%CI: 0.0-1.1) but negligible this species, increasing host range. circulation wildlife evidences need integrated European monitoring.

Language: Английский

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Viral infections at the animal–human interface—Learning lessons from the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic

Microbial Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 1397 - 1411

Published: May 8, 2023

Abstract This Lilliput explores the current epidemiological and virological arguments for a zoonotic origin of COVID‐19 pandemic. While role bats, pangolins racoon dogs as viral reservoirs has not yet been proven, spill‐over coronavirus infection from animals into humans at Huanan food market in Wuhan much greater plausibility than alternative hypotheses such laboratory virus escape, deliberate genetic engineering or introduction by cold chain products. highlights dynamic nature animal‐human interface cross‐infections feral white tail deer farmed minks (reverse zoonosis). Surveillance infections is an urgent task since live animal markets are only risks future spill‐overs. Climate change will induce migration which leads to exchanges between species that have met past. Environmental deforestation also increase contact humans. Developing early warning system emerging becomes thus societal necessity human but environmental health (One Health concept). Microbiologists developed tools ranging virome analysis key suspects (bats, wild game animals, bushmeat) exposed wastewater detect known unknown viruses circulating population sentinel studies animal‐exposed patients with fever. Criteria need be assess virulence transmissibility viruses. An costly political lobbying. The accelerating number pandemic potential over last decades should provide public pressure extend preparedness inclusion alert systems.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Clinical Signs in Cats and Dogs from Confirmed Positive Households in Germany

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 837 - 837

Published: March 24, 2023

On a global scale, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses serious threat to health of human population. Not only humans can be infected, but also their companion animals. The antibody status 115 cats and 170 dogs, originating from 177 German households known have been SARS-CoV-2 positive, was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), results were combined with information gathered questionnaire that completed owner(s) true seroprevalences among dogs 42.5% (95% CI 33.5–51.9) 56.8% 49.1–64.4), respectively. In multivariable logistic regression accounting for data clustered in households, cats, number infected household an above-average contact intensity turned out significant risk factors; outside protective factor. For on contrary, factor, reduced contact, once infection known, No association found between reported clinical signs animals status, no spatial clustering positive test identified.

Language: Английский

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Lack of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in British wildlife 2020–21 and first description of a stoat (Mustela erminea) Minacovirus

Journal of General Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 104(12)

Published: Dec. 7, 2023

Repeat spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into new hosts has highlighted the critical role cross-species transmission coronaviruses and establishment reservoirs virus in pandemic epizootic spread coronaviruses. Species particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 include Mustelidae (mink, ferrets related animals), cricetid rodents (hamsters felids (domestic cats animals) white-tailed deer. These predispositions led us screen British wildlife with sarbecovirus-specific quantitative PCR pan assays for using samples collected during human establish if widespread was occurring. Fourteen species (

Language: Английский

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Highly specific SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) mutations against the clinical antiviral ensitrelvir selected in a safe, VSV-based system

Antiviral Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 231, P. 105969 - 105969

Published: July 23, 2024

In the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, so far two most effective approved antivirals are protease inhibitors nirmatrelvir, in combination with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and ensitrelvir (Xocova). However, indeed all antimicrobial drugs sooner or later challenged by resistance mutations. Studying such mutations is essential for treatment decisions pandemic preparedness. At same time, generating resistant viruses to assess mutants controversial, especially pathogens of potential like SARS-CoV-2. To circumvent gain-of-function research non-attenuated SARS-CoV-2, a previously developed safe system based on chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus dependent main (VSV-Mpro) was used select against ensitrelvir. Ensitrelvir clinically relevant due its single-substance formulation, avoiding drug-drug interactions co-formulated CYP3A4 inhibitor Paxlovid. By treating VSV-Mpro ensitrelvir, several highly-specific this were selected, while being still fully largely susceptible nirmatrelvir. We then confirmed ensitrelvir-specific gold standard enzymatic assays replicons. These findings indicate that can have distinct viral profiles, which could determine decisions.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in lions, tigers, and hyenas at Denver Zoo

mSphere, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

ABSTRACT In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 spilled over from an animal host into humans, where it efficiently spread, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. Through both natural and experimental infections, we learned that many species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, animals close proximity including companion, farmed, those at zoos aquariums, became infected, studies demonstrated transmission to/from humans these settings. this study, first review literature of infections tigers lions compare species, sex, age, virus antibody detection assay, types, frequency, length clinical signs, demonstrating broad heterogeneity among infections. We then describe a outbreak lions, tigers, hyenas Denver Zoo 2021. Animals were tested for viral RNA (vRNA) 4 months. Lions had significantly more vRNA nasal swabs than hyenas, individual experienced recrudescence after weeks undetectable vRNA. Infectious was correlated with high levels likely be detected earlier during infection. Four months post-infection, all generated robust neutralizing titers. infected Delta lineage AY.20 identical variant circulating less 1% Colorado time, suggesting single spillover event human spread within between housed zoo. Better understanding epidemiology susceptibility is critical limit current future protect health. IMPORTANCE Surveillance testing have shown wildlife, conservatory, Early pandemic, big cats zoological institutions documented cases naturally animals; however, challenges ability collect longitudinal samples zoo limited our kinetics clearance measured RNA, infectious virus, antibodies, initial clearance. found longer higher compared other species. All by rare population, followed interspecies transmission. These data important better spillover, infection multiple animals.

Language: Английский

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Preparation of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein

Veterinary Science Today, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 69 - 75

Published: March 22, 2025

Introduction . The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) agent SARS-CoV-2 has become widespread in the world and caused pandemic that started 2019. virus is a zooanthroponotic infectious causes humans as well many mammal species. To date, been reported both domestic wild animals. Moreover, successful experimental of certain animal species was during studies. There also evidence infected animals can transmit to other natural settings through contactincluding transmission between different Currently, some researchers fear may spread mammalian will reservoir responsible for this outbreaks humans. Furthermore, effect on potentially susceptible species, including endangered currently not fully understood. Therefore, requires further study. This highly sensitive specific diagnostic methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using nucleocapsid protein an antigen be used serological surveillance Recombinant most preferable because its safety. Objective study aimed at preparing concentrated recombinant testing it antigenic activity specificity. Materials methods following study: SARS-CoV-2, pQE plasmid, Escherichia coli JM109 strain. performed: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, molecular cloning, synthesis, purification, indirect ELISA used. Results Molecular cloning N-gene carried out prokaryotic expression system. clones producing 33 kDa SARSCoV-2 were prepared. Optimal purification conditions preparation determined. It shown optimal inducer concentration 0.5 mМ, period 4 hours. Urea 8 M denaturing imidazole 0.4 elution buffer selected based results purification. Use procedure allowed us prepare 1.5 mg purified from 100 mL culture. demonstrated high specificity when tested with ELISA. Conclusion Preparation enables use test system detection antibodies against sera.

Language: Английский

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Epidemiological modeling of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) reveals conditions for introduction and widespread transmission

PLoS Computational Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(7), P. e1012263 - e1012263

Published: July 12, 2024

Emerging infectious diseases with zoonotic potential often have complex socioecological dynamics and limited ecological data, requiring integration of epidemiological modeling surveillance. Although our understanding SARS-CoV-2 has advanced considerably since its detection in late 2019, the factors influencing introduction transmission wildlife hosts, particularly white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), remain poorly understood. We use a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible model to investigate spillover risk wild captive populations across various simulated scenarios. found that scenarios pose higher from humans into herds subsequent among deer, compared herds. However, even herds, is substantial enough sustain infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate strength influences outbreak characteristics only certain extent. Transmission was frequently sufficient for widespread outbreaks populations, regardless initial level introduction. also explore fence line interactions between elevate metrics lowest sustained transmission. Our results indicate could be introduced maintained range circumstances based on testing risks approach findings will aid One Health strategies mitigate persistent spillback humans.

Language: Английский

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