The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. 2737 - 2737

Published: Aug. 9, 2021

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible and structurally diverse complex carbohydrates that highly abundant in human milk. To date, more than 200 different HMO structures have been identified. Their concentrations vary according to various factors such as lactation period, mother’s genetic secretor status, length of gestation (term or preterm). The objective this review is assess rank from healthy mothers throughout at a global level. aim, published data pooled (secretor non-secretor) samples were used. When reported non-secretor, means converted level, using the mean approximately 80/20% secretor/non-secretor frequency population. This approach provides an estimate average, mother independent status. Mean HMOs extracted categorized by pre-defined periods colostrum (0–5 days), transitional (6–14 mature (15–90 late (>90 days). Further categorizations made gestational birth, ethnicity, analytical methodology. Data excluded if they preterm milk, unknown sample size with any known disease A total 57 peer-reviewed articles reporting individual between 1996 2020 included review. Pooled 31 countries analyzed. In addition concentrations, 12 also analyzed basis for relative abundance. Total found 17.7 g/L colostrum, 13.3 11.3 results show differ largely each stages. For instance, while 2′-FL significantly decreased (3.18 ± 0.9) (1.64 0.67), 3-FL showed significant increase (0.37 0.1) (0.92 0.5). Although contains profile identified, top 10 make up over 70% concentration. 15 decreasing order magnitude 2′-FL, LNDFH-I (DFLNT), LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNT, 3-FL, 6′-SL, DSLNT, LNnT, DFL (LDFT), FDS-LNH, LNFP-III, 3′-SL, LST c, TF-LNH.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Microbiota in Infant Health: From Early Life to Adulthood

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Oct. 7, 2021

From early life to adulthood, the microbiota play a crucial role in health of infant. The are not only key regulator infant but also associated with long-term health. Pregnancy is golden time for establishment microbiota, which affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Recently, there an explosion studies on human diseases, application disease or relatively limited because many aspects remain controversial, especially about microbiota. Therefore, critical conclusive review necessary understand fully relationship between In this article, we introduce detail from pregnancy main contents article include maternal adverse outcomes, neonatal during perinatal period life, composition gut prediction health, future study directions

Language: Английский

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Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 423 - 423

Published: Jan. 28, 2021

Microbes colonize the human body during first moments of life and coexist with host throughout lifespan. Intestinal microbiota their metabolites aid in programming important bodily systems such as immune central nervous system critical temporal windows development, possible structural functional implications These developmental perinatally (during 1000 days) are susceptible timepoints for insults that can endure long lasting effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis. Environmental parental factors like genetics, mental health, nutrition, delivery feeding mode, exposure to antibiotics, activation composition antenatally, all able modulate mother infant may thus regulate functions. Among these factors, early nutrition plays a pivotal role perinatal modulation offspring from birth This review aims present current data impact priming influencing microbial coexistence development.

Language: Английский

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The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: March 22, 2021

The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during first months life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems different compartments. This highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive immune homeostasis but also metabolism behavior. period therefore a "window opportunity" to program health through modulation. However, implementation this promising strategy requires in-depth understanding mechanisms governing assembly. Breastfeeding been associated with healthy infants. Human milk complex food matrix, numerous components potentially influence infant composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or limiting others. objective review describe human composition discuss established purported roles establishment. Finally, impact maternal diet reviewed assess how could be simple efficient approach shape microbiota.

Language: Английский

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Impact of the mother's gut microbiota on infant microbiome and brain development

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 150, P. 105195 - 105195

Published: April 24, 2023

Language: Английский

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Clinical Evaluation of 16-Week Supplementation with 5HMO-Mix in Healthy-Term Human Infants to Determine Tolerability, Safety, and Effect on Growth

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. 2871 - 2871

Published: Aug. 20, 2021

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex sugars that occur naturally in human breast and provide many beneficial functions. Most formula products lack HMOs or contain only the most abundant HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose; however, benefits of come from multiple sugars. We therefore developed a mixture five (5HMO-Mix) mimicking natural concentrations top (5.75 g/L total, comprising 52% 2'-fucosyllactose, 13% 3-fucosyllactose, 26% lacto-N-tetraose, 4% 3'-sialyllactose, 5% 6'-sialyllactose) representing groups neutral, neutral-fucosylated, sialylated HMOs. conducted first multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-group clinical study assessing safety, tolerability, effect on growth containing 5HMO-Mix healthy infants. enrolled 341 subjects aged ≤14 days; 225 were randomized into fed either with infant without (IF) for 4 months, others exclusively breastfed. There no differences weight, length, head circumference gain between two groups. The was well tolerated, breastfed infants producing softer stools at higher stool frequency than control group. Adverse events equivalent all conclude 5.75 is safe tolerated by term during months life.

Language: Английский

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Human Milk Exosomal MicroRNA: Associations with Maternal Overweight/Obesity and Infant Body Composition at 1 Month of Life

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 1091 - 1091

Published: March 27, 2021

Among all the body fluids, breast milk is one of richest sources microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs packaged within exosomes are bioavailable to breastfeeding infants. The role miRNAs in determining infant growth and impact maternal overweight/obesity on human (HM) poorly understood. objectives this study were examine select (miR-148a, miR-30b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-let-7a miR-32) involved adipogenesis glucose metabolism relationship these with measures composition first 6 months life. Milk samples collected from a cohort 60 mothers (30 normal-weight [NW] 30 overweight [OW]/obese [OB]) at 1-month subset 48 3 lactation. Relative abundance miRNA was determined using real-time PCR. associations between interest weight one, three, six examined after adjusting for gestational age, birth weight, sex. miR-148a miR-30b lower by 30% 42%, respectively, OW/OB group than NW 1 month. negatively associated fat mass, free while positively percent fat, mass Maternal obesity content milk. An association specific observed during month life, suggesting potential infant's adaptation enteral nutrition.

Language: Английский

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25 Years of Research in Human Lactation: From Discovery to Translation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 3071 - 3071

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

Researchers have recently called for human lactation research to be conceptualized as a biological framework where maternal and infant factors impacting milk, in terms of composition, volume energy content are studied along with relationships growth, development health. This approach allows the evidence-based interventions that more likely support breastfeeding pursuit global goals. Here we summarize seminal findings our programme using systems traversing breast anatomy, milk secretion, physiology removal respect expression, composition intake, gastric emptying, culminating exploration body has allowed translation education, clinical practice. It also sets foundation improved study design future investigations lactation.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(17), P. 3554 - 3554

Published: Aug. 29, 2022

Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute development establishment infant microbiota. One important influencing microbial colonization composition is mode feeding. While formula milk has designed resemble human as much possible, microbiome infants who receive differs from that are fed milk. A diverse population microbes seed microbiome. Human contains nutritional components promote growth bioactive components, such oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, which immunological development. In an attempt encourage formation healthy comparable breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement with prebiotics or probiotics, known bifidogenic effect can modulate immune system. This review aims elucidate roles on infants' health.

Language: Английский

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Elucidating Human Milk Oligosaccharide biosynthetic genes through network-based multi-omics integration

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: May 4, 2022

Abstract Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant carbohydrates fundamental to infant health and development. Although these oligosaccharides were discovered more than half a century ago, their biosynthesis in the mammary gland remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we use systems biology framework that integrates glycan RNA expression data construct an HMO biosynthetic network predict glycosyltransferases involved. To accomplish this, models describing most likely pathways for synthesis of accounting >95% content human milk. Through our models, propose candidate genes elongation, branching, fucosylation, sialylation HMOs. Our model aggregation approach recovers 2 previously known gene-enzyme relations 3 empirically confirmed relations. The top remaining 5 linkage reactions consistent with published literature. These results provide molecular basis necessary guide progress research application goal understanding improving

Language: Английский

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