Breeding crops to feed 10 billion

Nature Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 37(7), P. 744 - 754

Published: June 17, 2019

Language: Английский

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CRISPR technology is revolutionizing the improvement of tomato and other fruit crops

Horticulture Research, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: June 14, 2019

Fruits are major sources of essential nutrients and serve as staple foods in some areas the world. The increasing human population changes climate experienced worldwide make it urgent to production fruit crops with high yield enhanced adaptation environment, for which conventional breeding is unlikely meet demand. Fortunately, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology paves way toward a new horizon crop improvement consequently revolutionizes plant breeding. In this review, mechanism optimization CRISPR system its application crops, including resistance biotic abiotic stresses, quality improvement, domestication highlighted. Controversies future perspectives discussed well.

Language: Английский

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CRISPR/Cas9 directed editing of lycopene epsilon-cyclase modulates metabolic flux for β-carotene biosynthesis in banana fruit

Metabolic Engineering, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 59, P. 76 - 86

Published: Jan. 29, 2020

Language: Английский

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Principles, Applications, and Biosafety of Plant Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

The terms genome engineering, editing and gene editing, refer to modifications insertions, deletions, substitutions) in the of a living organism. most widely used approach nowadays is based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9). In prokaryotes, CRISPR-Cas9 an adaptive immune system that naturally protects cells from DNA virus infections. has been modified create versatile technology wide diversity applications medicine, agriculture, basic studies functions. growing number monocot dicot plant species enhance yield, quality nutritional value, introduce or tolerance biotic abiotic stress, domestication, other applications. Although biosafety concerns remain, promising with potential contribute food production for benefit Gene This provisional file, not final typeset article human population. Here we review principles, current advances CRISPR-Cas9-based crop improvement. We also address show humans have exposed Cas9 homologues long before use CRISP-Cas9 editing.

Language: Английский

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Engineering crops of the future: CRISPR approaches to develop climate-resilient and disease-resistant plants

Genome biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 30, 2020

To meet increasing global food demand, breeders and scientists aim to improve the yield quality of major crops. Plant diseases threaten security are expected increase because climate change. CRISPR genome-editing technology opens new opportunities engineer disease resistance traits. With precise genome engineering transgene-free applications, is resolve challenges crop improvement. Here, we discuss latest developments in technologies for viruses, bacteria, fungi, pests. We conclude by highlighting current concerns gaps technology, as well outstanding questions future research.

Language: Английский

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Modern plant biotechnology as a strategy in addressing climate change and attaining food security

Agriculture & Food Security, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: April 3, 2022

Abstract Global warming causes a range of negative impacts on plants especially due to rapid changes in temperatures, alterations rainfall patterns, floods or drought conditions, and outbreaks pests diseases. These, turn, affect crop production reducing the quality quantity agricultural produce. Climatic extremes high population growth significantly increase world’s food demand. Therefore, fulfilling goal attaining security for present future generations is prime importance. Biotechnology enables creating dramatic crops withstand stress which difficult attain using conventional breeding approaches. It viable tool used improve production. The development biotechnological approaches such as genetic engineering, genome editing, RNA-mediated gene silencing armored with next-generation sequencing, mapping have paved way precise faster modifications plants. Such intensive efforts are currently underway desirable cultivars meet demand support sustainable productivity climate change adaptation.

Language: Английский

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Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 607 - 630

Published: April 21, 2021

More symmetrical investment in crop research will create opportunities to improve models, combine new alleles through prebreeding, and suggest novel management practices.Consensus among public private sectors is that more needed understanding of hormone crosstalk, recombination rate, maintenance respiration, root structure function, source–sink balance.Greater these areas expected benefit a wide range crops across most environments.New phenomics, genomics, bioinformatics make it feasible explore the vast untapped collections genetic resources trait combinations.Filling knowledge gaps enable much integrated yield adaptation, improving breeding models. Asymmetry leads lost accelerate gain identifying sources combinations traits alleles. On basis consultation with scientists from major seed companies, we identified several three common features: (i) relatively underrepresented literature; (ii) high probability boosting productivity environments; (iii) could be researched 'precompetitive' space, leveraging previous knowledge, thereby models guide decisions. Areas included into hormones, recombination, roots, source–sink, which, along bioinformatics, strategies. Research growth adaptation under diverse cultivation scenarios has underpinned global food security, especially since Green Revolution, during which time population than doubled. During same time, area cultivated cereals, account for 70% total calories consumed by humans, barely changed while yields have tripled.i These two statistics alone clearly support impact on agronomy as well effective policy decisions agility farmers adopt technologies [1.Stewart B.A. Lal R. Increasing world average cereal crops: it's all about water.in: Sparks D.L. Advances Agronomy. Vol. 151. Elsevier, 2018: 1-44Google Scholar,2.Fischer T. et al.Crop Yields Global Food Security: Will Yield Increase Continue Feed World?. Australian Centre International Agricultural Research, 2014Google Scholar]. Nonetheless, challenges agriculture now faces are not just feed 10+ billion people within generation, but do so harsher less predictable climate, many cases water declining soil quality Clearly, research, breeding, must even effective. Crop integrates crossing strategies combined efficient selection progeny [3.Van Ginkel M. Ortiz Cross best best, select best: HELP selfing crops.Crop Sci. 2018; 58: 17-30Crossref Scopus (11) Google To date, impactful objectives been maintain resistance ever-evolving spectrum pests diseases (e.g., [4.Singh R.P. al.Emergence spread races wheat stem rust fungus: continued threat security prospects control.Phytopathology. 2015; 105: 872-884Crossref PubMed (173) Scholar,5.Donatelli al.Modelling impacts agricultural systems.Agric. Syst. 2017; 155: 213-224Crossref (91) Scholar]), an array consumer-driven characteristics, such storability, baking quality, forth [6.Guzmán C. al.Genetic improvement grain CIMMYT semi-dwarf spring bread varieties developed 1965–2015: 50 years breeding.Field Crops Res. 210: 192-196Crossref (24) Scholar]). However, or environments require specific filled context. The technology exists apply allelic phenotype genotype at scale. Due large numbers involved screening (from thousands single cross millions double haploids), evaluation represent target (TPE) (see Glossary) expedient, genomic [7.Juliana P. al.Integrating genomic-enabled prediction high-throughput phenotyping climate-resilient wheat.Theor. Appl. Genet. 2019; 132: 177-194Crossref (23) Scholar], phenomic [8.Araus J.L. al.Translating gain.Trends Plant 23: 451-466Abstract Full Text PDF (170) modeling tools [9.Cooper al.Predicting future plant breeding: complementing empirical prediction.Crop Pasture 2014; 65: 311-336Crossref (148) advanced stage commercial In short, practical discipline focused products. upstream tends favor cutting-edge challenges, some methodological nature. focusing near- medium-term gains typically strategic enough warrant funding, too risk funds allocated breeding. As result, translation pure science [10.Reynolds al.Translational climate resilient, higher yielding Breed. Genom. 1e190016Google Some notable exceptions include photosynthesis [11.Long S.P. al.Meeting demand engineering potential.Cell. 161: 56-66Abstract (381) application tomography capture roots images [12.Morris E.C. al.Shaping 3D system architecture.Curr. Biol. 27: PR919-R930Abstract (54) gene editing [13.Gao H. al.Superior field performance waxy corn engineered using CRISPR-Cas9.Nat. Biotechnol. 2020; 38: 579-581Crossref (0) novelty significant driving force academia, including technologies. does grow symmetrically, creating instead islands necessarily connected [14.Borrell A. Reynolds Integrating greater synergy efficiency research.Food Energy Secur. 6: 26-32Crossref (3) While this approach works pushing back frontiers requires systematic achieve harvestable products seeds, fruits, tubers). For example, order crop's photosynthetic potential boost yield, extra photo-assimilates also distributed way optimizes development edible organs. case cereals other crops, expressed harvest index (HI). expression HI in, modern cultivars, approximately 0.4 0.55, attendant negative correlation between biomass [15.Aisawi K.A.B. al.The physiological progress cultivars 1966 2009.Crop 55: 1749-1764Crossref (86) attest apparent underutilization current capacity. partitioning reproductive match if value effectively translate security. There conundrums point asymmetrical knowledge. definition considers only above-ground biomass. This quite arbitrary, there being no scientific reason exclude below-ground one, analysis can easily performed structures compared those soil. Since important improvement, source error trivial. study wheat, differed 7% 20%, depending genotype, when considering versus biomass, [16.Reynolds M.P. al.Drought-adaptive derived wild relatives landraces.J. Exp. Bot. 2007; 177-186Crossref Another example asymmetry crop-focused academic emphasis over despite variation respiration associated [17.Wilson D. Response dark rate mature leaves Lolium perenne its effects young plants simulated swards.Ann. 1982; 49: 303-312Crossref (66) Furthermore, number studies show express significantly stronger relationship night temperature day [18.Lobell D.B. Ortiz-Monasterio J.I. Impacts temperatures yields: comparison CERES model predictions locations.Agron. J. 99: 469-477Crossref (123) Scholar,19.Shi W. al.High day- night-time affect dynamics contrasting rice genotypes.J. 68: 5233-5245Crossref (38) Because affects processes, flowering response, response key gap. needs renewed focus how manipulation photorespiration influence yields, degree effort great respiration. Indeed, recent work highlighted transgenic use alternative photorespiratory pathways exhibit improvements net CO2 uptake, accumulation, [20.South P.F. al.Synthetic glycolate metabolism stimulate field.Science. 636eaat9077Crossref (165) Scholar,21.Shen B.-R. al.Engineering chloroplastic bypass increase rice.Mol. Plant. 12: 199-214Abstract (40) importance environment influencing arising modifications addressed [22.Hammer G.L. al.Biological reality parsimony – why need both improvement! silico.Plants. 1diz010Google Asymmetrical crop-related additional conundrums. A literature search keywords 'photosynthesis' 'drought' identifies studies. deficit certainly inhibits gas exchange severe stress damage machinery, primary determinants access [23.White J.W. Castillo J.A. Relative effect shoot genotypes bean drought stress.Crop 1989; 29: 360-362Crossref (50) Scholar] budgeting [24.Messina C.D. al.Limited-transpiration may maize tolerance US Corn Belt.Agronomy. 107: 1978-1986Crossref (79) Subtle cultivar-level differences sensitivity apparatus marginal best; mundane analogy would tuning carburetor motor overcome block fuel line. exist, objective review illustrate crop-oriented better leveraged filling gaps. exist varying degrees, our premise addressing species environments. Therefore, processes they improved tandem. factor influences agenda difficulty working realistic environments, partially controlled. Lack control hampers rigorous production scenarios, where fields growing seasons ever completely same. Galileo's guideline 'measure what measurable, measurable so' applied advances remote sensing geographical information services. addition, generation molecular permit real-time estimates DNA metabolic monitored tissue taken directly experiments. (CGMs) provide mathematical framework integrate conduct quantitative evaluations TPE Scholar,24.Messina Scholar,25.Messina science: foundation advancing predictive agriculture.Crop 60: 544-546Crossref (6) providing dynamic help researching basic biology. unprecedented fill join investments. No matter component problem, whether cropping whole, broad maximize impact. An illuminating was showing zinc deficiency exacerbates due essential role detoxifying reactive oxygen species, leading foliar applications Zn 4 million ha Turkey [26.Bagci S.A. al.Effects field-grown Central Anatolia.J. Agron. 193: 198-206Crossref Before breakthrough, per se seriously confounded achieved (Figure 1) [27.Cakmak I. al.Zinc critical problem Anatolia.Plant Soil. 1996; 180: 165-172Crossref Perhaps overcoming bottleneck opens up possibilities introduction semidwarf genes cereals. their widespread adoption, tallness limited structural failure. allele (Rht1) Norin 10, originally variety Daruma, Gonjiro Inazuka Japan 1935. took 10 introgression, pleiotropic Rht nitrogen [28.Reynolds Borlaug N.E. international collaborative improvement.J. Agric. 2006; 144: 3-17Crossref (109) spearheaded Revolution tripling saving estimated 1 lives famine aforementioned examples systematic, demand-driven shy away logistical challenges. Five challenging that, tackled systematically, likely open bottlenecks discussed herein, discussion used CGMs. exhaustive cannot presented here, nor bottlenecks, emerge improves. were broadly agreed authors colleagues sectors. complementary each existing 2). opinion colleagues, 'best bets' achieving step changes roles increasing sink strength carbon assimilation meiotic harness diversity. reviewed: exploration prebreeding Illuminating 'black boxes' simulation modelling. authorship represents stakeholders sectors, topics priorities 'precompetitive space' defined companies exercise; words, general neglected, potentially hold industry. aid foraging, responsive abiotic biotic signals local highly adaptable behavior, termed 'developmental plasticity', offers breeders 'customized' architecture (RSA) adapted forage heterogenous conditions [29.Hodge plastic plant: responses heterogeneous supplies nutrients.New Phytol. 2004; 162: 9-24Crossref (1052) (N) form nitrate (NO3–) particular challenge capture, mobile leaches deeper layers. N exploit steeper angle brace crown [30.Trachsel S. al.Maize angles become low conditions.Field 2013; 140: 18-31Crossref (56) elongation lateral seminal [31.Gioia al.Impact domestication phenotypic durum fertilization.J. 66: 5519-5530Crossref reduced length density near surface axial [32.Zhan Lynch J.P. Reduced frequency branching improves low-N soils maize.J. 2055-2065Crossref (81) serve layers abundant. contrast, phosphate (P) available inorganic immobile concentrated topsoil [33.Rubio G. al.Topsoil foraging competitiveness phosphorus bean.Crop 2003; 43: 598-607Crossref P increased lengths patches availability [34.Flavel R.J. al.Quantifying (Triticum aestivum L) Oxisol.Plant 385: 303-310Crossref (7) shallower hairs [35.Bates T.R. Root confer competitive advantage availability.Plant 2001; 236: 243-250Crossref (125) cluster formation [36.Shane M.W. Lambers Cluster roots: curiosity context.Plant 2005; 274: 101-125Crossref (255) sorghum, [37.Singh V. variability sorghum.Crop 2011; 51: 2011-2020Crossref (36) enables × Skip row systems expressing angles, past decade, remain, following:•Given change, urgent determine RSA controlled signals, often mediated aerial temperature. Whilst heat impairs any developmental stage, rooting depth appear reduce [38.Lopes M.S. Partitioning assimilates cooler canopies wheat.Funct. 2010; 37: 147Crossref Scholar].•How carbon/biomass should invest resource sustainability, yet minimize yield? Surprisingly, detailed CGM simulations (validated reference data) predict 'less more,' lower longer [39.Postma optimal depends Physiol. 166: 590-602Crossref (160) addition RSA, anatomical scale cortical aerenchyma 50% [40.Zhu al.Root (Zea mays L.).Plant Cell Environ. 33: 740-749PubMed enabling reinvest C organs.•Despite recognition microbiome vice versa [41.de la Fuente C.C. al.An extended phenotype: rhizosphere, fitness.Plant 103: 951-964Crossref (9) multibillion-dollar industry selling microbiome-based coatings mechanisms integrating signaling. Studying arguably relevant, poses Indirect approaches canopy measurements determining extraction profiles electrical electromagnetic inductance methods infer traits, currently coarse resolution [42.Whalley W.R. al.Methods estimate activity field.Plant 415: 407-422Crossref (22) Invasive coring 'shovelomics' greatly facilitated throughput [43.Trachsel al.Shovelomics: L.) 341: 75-87Crossref (338) destructive techniques result loss finer-scale features roots), give snapshot development. Nondestructive imaging techniques, agar plates, rhizotrons, paper-based hydro-/aeroponic systems, temporal observed throughout possible transparent gels [44.Clark R.T. al.Three-dimensional software platform.Plant 156: 455-465Crossref (274) non–soil-based helps decrease experimental reducing heterogeneity microbial populations, results difficult extrapolate conditions. experiments [45.Messina al.Reproductive resilience underpin L.).bioRxiv. (Published online October 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.320937)Google Magnetic resonance X-ray computed successfully noninvasively [46.Mairhofer al.Extracting multiple interacting microcomputed tomography.Plant 84: 1034-1043Crossref (19) Scholar,47.van Dusschoten al.Quantitative magnetic imaging.Plant 2016; 170: 1176-1188Crossref Nevertheless, expensive, throughput, deployable field. Understanding stresses vital develop [48.Lynch phenotypes nutrient capture: underexploited opportunity agriculture.New 223: 548-564Crossref (72) dries, vertical gradient availability. Roots experiencing reach [49.Uga Y. al.Control DEEPER ROOTING increases conditions.Nat. 45: 1097-1102Crossref (619) Water upper suppresses different [50.Sebastian al.Grasses suppress shoot-borne conserve drought.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. 113: 8861-8866Crossref (43) Scholar,51.Gao Y.Z. acquisition L.).J. 67: 4545-4557Crossref (84) few long ideotype suggested stress, saved extend profiles. indeed tuned based fundamental [52.Cooper gap productivity.Crop 582-604Crossref (10) colonizing

Language: Английский

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Plant Viruses of Agricultural Importance: Current and Future Perspectives of Virus Disease Management Strategies

Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 113(2), P. 117 - 141

Published: Sept. 12, 2022

Plant viruses cause significant losses in agricultural crops worldwide, affecting the yield and quality of products. The emergence novel or variants through genetic evolution spillover from reservoir host species, changes practices, mixed infections with disease synergism, impacts global warming pose continuous challenges for management epidemics resulting emerging plant virus diseases. This review describes some most devastating diseases plus select regional importance agriculturally important that have caused losses. lack curative measures prompts use risk-reducing managing These include exclusion, avoidance, eradication techniques, along vector practices. sensitive, high throughput, user-friendly diagnostic methods is crucial defining preventive strategies against viruses. advent next-generation sequencing technologies has great potential detecting unknown quarantine samples. deployment resistance crop plants an effective desirable method Several dominant recessive genes been used to manage crops. Recently, RNA-based such as dsRNA- siRNA-based RNA interference, microRNA, CRISPR/Cas9 provide transgenic nontransgenic approaches developing virus-resistant plants. Importantly, topical application dsRNA, hairpin RNA, artificial microRNA trans-active siRNA molecules on develop GMO-free methods. However, long-term efficacy acceptance these new technologies, especially methods, remain be established.

Language: Английский

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Application of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing for abiotic stress management in crop plants

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 18, 2023

Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metals, extensively reducing global agricultural production. Traditional breeding approaches transgenic technology have been widely used to mitigate the risks of these environmental stresses. The discovery engineered nucleases as genetic scissors carry out precise manipulation in crop stress-responsive genes associated molecular network has paved way for sustainable management abiotic stress conditions. In this context, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas (CRISPR/Cas)-based gene-editing tool revolutionized due its simplicity, accessibility, adaptability, flexibility, wide applicability. This system great potential build up varieties with enhanced tolerance against review, we summarize latest findings on understanding mechanism response plants application CRISPR/Cas-mediated towards a multitude stresses metals. We provide mechanistic insights CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology. also discuss applications evolving techniques such prime base editing, mutant library production, transgene free multiplexing rapidly deliver modern cultivars adapted

Language: Английский

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CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in crop breeding for climate change resilience: Implications for smallholder farmers in Africa

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16, P. 101132 - 101132

Published: March 28, 2024

Food insecurity and malnutrition, compounded by climate change, are seriously threatening the growing African population. Unpredictable precipitation patterns droughts contributing to declining crop productivity. Efforts increase agricultural productivity include adoption of crops that resistant change engaging in resilient agriculture. Currently, CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - associated protein) technology is being used breeding practices improve traits such as drought tolerance, nutrition disease resistance. The aim this review explore use developing for mitigation food hunger attendant implications small holder farmers Africa. A comprehensive systematic search peer reviewed articles three bibliographic databases, PubMed, Web Science Google Scholar, was conducted identify documents relevant applications CRISPR-mediated genome editing improvement context. literature shows CRISPR-Cas has been harnessed enhance resilience nutritional content various crops, combatting biotic abiotic stresses. CRISPR-assisted strategies can help smallholder low-middle income countries Africa adapt without loss. By harnessing technology, benefit from with improved yields stress resistance thereby security sustainable agriculture on continent.

Language: Английский

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