Learning & Behavior,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
52(3), P. 262 - 271
Published: Jan. 29, 2024
Fear
and
anxiety
are
rarely
confined
to
specific
stimuli
or
situations.
In
fear
generalisation,
there
is
a
spread
of
responses
elicited
by
physically
dissimilar
generalisation
(GS)
along
continuum
between
danger
safety.
The
current
study
investigated
with
novel
online
task
using
COVID-19-relevant
(i.e.,
busy
quiet
shopping
street/mall
scenes)
during
pandemic
lockdown
restrictions
in
the
United
Kingdom.
Participants
(N
=
50)
first
completed
clinically
relevant
trait
measures
before
commencing
habituation
phase,
where
two
conditioned
(CSs;
i.e.,
high
scene)
were
presented.
then
underwent
conditioning
one
stimulus
(CS+)
was
followed
an
aversive
unconditioned
(US;
loud
female
scream
accompanied
facial
photograph
displaying
fearful
emotion)
another
(CS-)
not.
test
six
presented
US
withheld,
participants
provided
threat
expectancy
ratings
for
all
stimuli.
Following
successful
conditioning,
generalization
observed
both
ratings.
Trait
worry
partially
predicted
generalised
COVID-19
strongly
fear.
conclusion,
gradient
evident
remote
images
busy/quiet
streets
pandemic.
Worry
generalisation.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
104(3), P. 1205 - 1263
Published: March 14, 2024
Stress
resilience
is
the
phenomenon
that
some
people
maintain
their
mental
health
despite
exposure
to
adversity
or
show
only
temporary
impairments
followed
by
quick
recovery.
Resilience
research
attempts
unravel
factors
and
mechanisms
make
possible
harness
its
insights
for
development
of
preventative
interventions
in
individuals
at
risk
acquiring
stress-related
dysfunctions.
Biological
has
been
lagging
behind
psychological
social
sciences
but
seen
a
massive
surge
recent
years.
At
same
time,
progress
this
field
hampered
methodological
challenges
related
finding
suitable
operationalizations
study
designs,
replicating
findings,
modeling
animals.
We
embed
review
behavioral,
neuroimaging,
neurobiological,
systems
biological
findings
adults
critical
methods
discussion.
find
preliminary
evidence
hippocampus-based
pattern
separation
prefrontal-based
cognitive
control
functions
protect
against
pathological
fears
aftermath
singular,
event-type
stressors
[as
found
fear-related
disorders,
including
simpler
forms
posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD)]
facilitating
perception
safety.
Reward
system-based
pursuit
savoring
positive
reinforcers
appear
more
generalized
dysfunctions
anxious-depressive
spectrum
resulting
from
severe
longer-lasting
(as
depression,
comorbid
anxiety,
PTSD).
Links
between
preserved
functioning
these
neural
under
neuroplasticity,
immunoregulation,
gut
microbiome
composition,
integrity
barrier
blood-brain
are
beginning
emerge.
On
basis,
avenues
pointed
out.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
148, P. 105146 - 105146
Published: March 27, 2023
Fear
conditioning
is
a
widely
used
laboratory
model
to
investigate
learning,
memory,
and
psychopathology
across
species.
The
quantification
of
learning
in
this
paradigm
heterogeneous
humans
psychometric
properties
different
methods
can
be
difficult
establish.
To
overcome
obstacle,
calibration
standard
metrological
procedure
which
well-defined
values
latent
variable
are
generated
an
established
experimental
paradigm.
These
intended
then
serve
as
validity
criterion
rank
methods.
Here,
we
develop
protocol
for
human
fear
conditioning.
Based
on
literature
review,
series
workshops,
survey
N
=
96
experts,
propose
experiment
settings
25
design
variables
calibrate
the
measurement
Design
were
chosen
theory-free
possible
allow
wide
applicability
contexts.
Besides
establishing
specific
procedure,
general
process
outline
may
blueprint
efforts
other
subfields
behavioral
neuroscience
that
need
refinement.
Neuroscience Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
40(6), P. 777 - 794
Published: Oct. 9, 2023
Fear
extinction
is
a
biological
process
in
which
learned
fear
behavior
diminishes
without
anticipated
reinforcement,
allowing
the
organism
to
re-adapt
ever-changing
situations.
Based
on
behavioral
hypothesis
that
new
learning
and
forms
an
memory,
this
memory
more
readily
forgettable
than
original
memory.
The
brain's
cellular
synaptic
traces
underpinning
inherently
fragile
yet
reinforceable
remain
unclear.
Intriguing
questions
are
about
whereabouts
of
engram
neurons
emerged
during
how
they
constitute
dynamically
evolving
functional
construct
works
concert
store
express
In
review,
we
discuss
recent
advances
circuits
their
neural
connectivity
plasticity
for
extinction,
aiming
establish
conceptual
framework
understanding
dynamic
competition
between
memories
adaptive
control
conditioned
responses.
The Journal of General Psychology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 15
Published: Jan. 7, 2025
The
COVID-19
pandemic's
psychological
impact
prompted
this
study
to
investigate
the
inner
child
healing
course's
effectiveness
in
reducing
fear
of
and
improving
emotional
family
relationships.
This
quasi-experimental
research
adopted
a
pretest-posttest
design
with
control
group.
Convenience
sampling
was
employed
select
42
women
randomly
from
five
psychotherapy
centers
Isfahan
(Iran)
2020.
They
were
then
assigned
group
(n
=
21)
an
experimental
21).
received
course
six
sessions,
whereas
no
intervention.
Fear
Scale
Emotional
Family
Relationships
Questionnaire
utilized
for
data
collection.
Analysis
covariance
analysis
using
SPSS
25.
Participants
reported
significantly
higher
mean
scores
on
happiness
(12.40
±
1.11)
compared
(5.90
2.24).
pattern
means
persisted
freedom
intimacy
relationships
(11.50
1.90
vs.
5.12
1.60),
trust
(13.61
6.21
2.04),
collaborative
decision-making
(12.34
2.05
6.31
1.80).
Statistical
revealed
significant
effects
(p<.01),
members
(p<.01)
women.
Notably,
intervention
did
not
yield
statistically
commitment
responsibility
or
sample
married
suggests
may
improve
well-being
within
families
during
COVID-19.
