‘Dangerous Targets’ revisited: Old dangers in new contexts plague marine protected areas DOI Open Access
Tundi Agardy, Joachim Claudet, Jon C. Day

et al.

Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 26(S2), P. 7 - 23

Published: Sept. 1, 2016

Abstract The use of targets to provide measurable objectives and benchmarks for management, conservation, restoration ecosystems is commonplace. In the marine coastal realms, have been successful in setting sustainable limits fisheries harvests, thresholds pollutants, recommended amounts representative habitat included protected area (MPA) networks. Quantifiable can dissuade governments from making dubious claims about investments ocean protection that sound impressive but cannot be verified. Examples are presented where used successfully instances meaningful serve allow tracking true progress. However, also a double‐edged sword. some cases, proven useful, many instances, interventions made fulfil not only give false illusion progress or even success, they present opportunity costs impede further conservation. Some these issues were raised 2003 article ‘Dangerous Targets?: Unresolved ideological clashes around areas’ appeared Aquatic Conservation : Marine Freshwater Ecosystems . Since its publication, article's warnings how sometimes dangerous counter‐productive led intense debate among scientists policy‐makers alike, paper has cited more than 500 publications. Yet today, dozen years after first Targets' new driving MPA designations conservation strategies ever before, ‘dangerous’ aspects target largely ignored. This discusses old ‘dangers' context developments including lingering problem having simplistic metrics drive policies, unintended result often occur when outputs (percentage under designation) do align with outcomes effective management Newly emerging ‘dangers’ letting areal discussed, rush obligations protect certain proportion taking place planning, separate broader level, potentially holistic, spatial planning (MSP). suggests five recommendations would effectively, including: (1) increase transparency especially specific goals establishment; (2) time‐based representativity goal strategy; (3) MPAs protections best solution challenge; (4) design intrinsic performance goals, performance‐based subsequent evaluation MPAs; (5) embed into policy frameworks, MSP. These oriented toward multilateral institutions, governments, non‐governmental organizations, suggesting concrete ways utilize target‐setting their advantage, order fight downward spiral degradation affecting environments worldwide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Language: Английский

Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century DOI Creative Commons
Sean L. Maxwell, Victor Cazalis, Nigel Dudley

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 586(7828), P. 217 - 227

Published: Oct. 7, 2020

Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based measures, are likely extend diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation management effectiveness diminish potential role stemming loss. Here we show how expansion by national governments since 2010 has had limited success increasing coverage across different elements (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' wilderness areas) ecosystem services (productive fisheries, carbon on land sea). To be more successful after 2020, must contribute effectively meeting goals—ranging from preventing extinctions retaining most-intact ecosystems—and better collaborate with many Indigenous peoples, community groups private initiatives central biodiversity. The long-term requires parties Convention Biological Diversity secure adequate financing, plan climate change make far stronger part land, water sea policies. conservation—including measures—after 2020 depend securing funding prioritizing management.

Language: Английский

Citations

714
Current global risks to marine mammals: Taking stock of the threats DOI
Isabel Cristina Ávila, Kristin Kaschner, Carsten F. Dormann

et al.

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 221, P. 44 - 58

Published: Feb. 27, 2018

Language: Английский

Citations

248
Endemism increases species' climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance DOI
Stella Manes, Mark J. Costello, Heath Beckett

et al.

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 257, P. 109070 - 109070

Published: April 9, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

240
Ensuring effective implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity targets DOI
Haigen Xu, Yun Cao, Dandan Yu

et al.

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. 411 - 418

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

237
The Location and Protection Status of Earth’s Diminishing Marine Wilderness DOI Creative Commons
Kendall R. Jones, Carissa J. Klein, Benjamin S. Halpern

et al.

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 28(15), P. 2506 - 2512.e3

Published: July 26, 2018

Language: Английский

Citations

212
A global analysis of management capacity and ecological outcomes in terrestrial protected areas DOI Creative Commons
Jonas Geldmann,

Lauren Coad,

Megan Barnes

et al.

Conservation Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 11(3)

Published: Feb. 8, 2018

Abstract Protecting important sites is a key strategy for halting the loss of biodiversity. However, our understanding relationship between management inputs and biodiversity outcomes in protected areas (PAs) remains weak. Here, we examine using species population trends PAs derived from Living Planet Database relation to data Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) database 217 time‐series 73 PAs. We found positive METT‐based scores Capacity Resources changes vertebrate abundance, consistent with hypothesis that require adequate resourcing halt loss. Additionally, PA age was negatively correlated mammal subsets size global subset. Our study highlights paucity appropriate rigorous testing role maintaining populations across multiple sites, describes ways improve performance.

Language: Английский

Citations

178
Climate velocity reveals increasing exposure of deep-ocean biodiversity to future warming DOI
Isaac Brito‐Morales, David S. Schoeman, Jorge García Molinos

et al.

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 576 - 581

Published: May 25, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

144
Global importance of Indigenous Peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world’s primates from extinction DOI Creative Commons
Alejandro Estrada, Paul A. Garber, Sidney F. Gouveia

et al.

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(32)

Published: Aug. 10, 2022

Primates, represented by 521 species, are distributed across 91 countries primarily in the Neotropic, Afrotropic, and Indo-Malayan realms. Primates inhabit a wide range of habitats play critical roles sustaining healthy ecosystems that benefit human nonhuman communities. Approximately 68% primate species threatened with extinction because global pressures to convert their for agricultural production extraction natural resources. Here, we review scientific literature conduct spatial analysis assess significance Indigenous Peoples’ lands safeguarding biodiversity. We found account 30% range, 71% these lands. As on increases, less likely be classified as or have declining populations. Safeguarding lands, languages, cultures represents our greatest chance prevent world’s primates.

Language: Английский

Citations

98
Protected areas and the future of insect conservation DOI Creative Commons
Shawan Chowdhury, Michael D. Jennions, Myron P. Zalucki

et al.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(1), P. 85 - 95

Published: Oct. 5, 2022

Anthropogenic pressures are driving insect declines across the world. Although protected areas (PAs) play a prominent role in safeguarding many vertebrate species from human-induced threats, insects not widely considered when designing PA systems or building strategies for management. We review effectiveness of PAs conservation and find substantial taxonomic geographic gaps knowledge. Most research focuses on representation species, few studies assess threats to that effective management can conservation. propose four-step agenda help ensure central efforts expand global network under Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.

Language: Английский

Citations

90
Demystifying ecological connectivity for actionable spatial conservation planning DOI Creative Commons
Maria Beger, Anna Meta×as, Arieanna C. Balbar

et al.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1079 - 1091

Published: Sept. 28, 2022

There is a disconnect between global high-level conservation goals and on-the-ground actions such as maintaining ecosystem services or persistence local planning of protected areas.Dynamic processes ecological connectivity underpin species resilience but are difficult to represent in mathematical spatial problems for areas.Quantitative SMART (specific – measurable action-oriented realistic time-bound) objectives can provide link regional design implementation functionally connected area networks.With current gaps commitments increasing climate change threats, there tremendous opportunity use quantifiable vehicle future-proof networks help achieve goals. Connectivity underpins the life; it needs inform biodiversity decisions. Yet, when prioritising areas developing actions, not being operationalised planning. The challenge translation flows associated with into that lead actions. nebulous, be abstract mean different things people, making include problems. Here, we show how included mathematically defining objectives. We path forward linking goals, species’ persistence. propose ways management gain benefit from connectivity. In world dwindling natural resources human pressures, aim ensure habitats persist future. Most notably, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDG14 (life below water) SDG15 on land), Convention Biological Diversity’s (CBD) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework halt loss services. A dominant mechanism these will through area-based [1.Pressey R.L. et al.The mismeasure conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021; 36: 808-821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 2.Garibaldi L.A. al.Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat.Conserv. Lett. 14e12773Crossref (109) 3.Nicholson E. al.Scientific foundations an goal, milestones indicators framework.Nat. 5: 1338-1349Crossref (42) Scholar], specific achieving protection ‘well-connected systems’. (see Glossary) populations, species, communities, ecosystems, thus play pivotal role strategies (e.g., [4.Wood S.L.R. al.Missing interactions: state multispecies analysis.Front. 2022; 10830822Crossref (7) 5.Magris R.A. al.Biologically representative well-connected marine reserves enhance planning.Conserv. 2018; 11e12439Crossref (71) 6.Riginos C. Beger M. Incorporating genetic measures adaptation corals.in: van Oppen Aranda Lastra M.I. Coral Reef Conservation Restoration ‘Omics’ Age. Springer, 2022Crossref Scholar]). conceptual advancements tools quantitatively integrate across land, freshwater, systems still developed [5.Magris Scholar,7.Tulloch V.J.D. al.Minimizing cross-realm threats land-use change: national-scale framework connecting freshwater systems.Biol. Conserv. 254108954Crossref (13) 8.Hermoso V. al.Conservation realms: enhancing multi-realm species.J. 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Res. 81: 119-127Crossref (16) variable characteristics scale have led diverse characterisations conservation, ranging wetland linkages amphibians [15.Heard G.W. al.Refugia sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease.Ecol. 2015; 18: 853-863Crossref (65) Scholar] recent exchange among populations [16.Xuereb al.Individual-based eco-evolutionary models understanding changing seas.Proc. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 288: 20212006PubMed (Table 1). Assessments estate highlight shortfalls capturing dynamic processes, connectivity, where 9.7% land [12.Ward two thirds critical animals conserved [17.Brennan al.Functional world’s areas.Science. 376: 1101-1104Crossref (35) 17% free-flowing rivers [18.Opperman J.J. al.Safeguarding rivers: extent areas.Sustainability. 13: 2805Crossref 90.5% less than 5% their ranges [19.Klein C.J. al.Shortfalls representing biodiversity.Sci. Rep. 17539Crossref (112) This gap because broad translate quantitative objectives, data measure acquire, no scientific consensus appropriate assess retention improvement [13.Keeley especially multiple Scholar].Box 1Types scales hinder its estimationA key hurdle including spatial–temporal complexity. directionality, constraint, vary physical process, properties environment, flowing entity (Figure I). These occur any medium river, ocean, air) metres continents, hemispheres, ocean basins. Ensuing may manifested relevant over time hours centuries even longer (as case evolutionary scales). Many either symmetrical along animal migration corridors) asymmetrical ontogeny, seed larva dispersal). variability measurements each case.Directed involve single, direction II). constrained, relatively low lateral variation upstream downstream salmon transport leaf litter,movement corridors, annual bird migrations continents basins). Directed high. result moving entity, example spread invasive/range-expanding coast boundary current, turtle foraging spawning grounds, ungulate seasonal feeding grounds.In diffuse flows, proceeds number directions, originate single source during oil spill, nesting aggregation) sources introductions non-native species) III). They also constrained clear corridors pathways detrital valleys basins, within particular ambit, invasive disease bounded habitat) possible propagules dispersed wind current.Figure IIDirected has easier conceptualise.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure IIIDiffuse mixed strength extremely estimate.View (PPT)Table 1Connectivity value-laden concept. Selected contexts potential audiences applying concepts planningType connectivityDefinition/examplesReference definitionExample user groupLand–sea connectivityFlows sediment pollutants sea, rivers, sea[70.Suárez-Castro A.F. al.Global forest restoration opportunities foster coral reef conservation.Glob. Chang. 27: 5238-5252Crossref (12) Scholar]Ecologist, scientist, engineerOntogenetic connectivityMovement individuals occurring part life cycles (metres thousands km), e.g., amphibians[15.Heard Scholar,48.Kot C.Y. al.Network analysis sea movements connectivity: tool prioritization.Divers. Distrib. 28: 810-829Crossref (8) park managerCorridorsDistinct habitant patches linked facilitated. Disruption occurs due fragmentation[36.Keeley al.Thirty years planning: assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. 14103001Crossref (55) Scholar]Environmental wildlife biologist, manager, tourism operatorPathogen dispersalAirborne fungal spores (regional continental scale, 50–5000 km)[46.Meyer al.Quantifying airborne routes pathogens safeguard wheat supply.Nat. Plants. 3: 780-786Crossref Scholar]EpidemiologistPollutant advection diffusionTransport sewage water)[54.Chaturvedi S.K. al.An spill detection using Sentinel 1 SAR-C images.J. Ocean Eng. 116-135Crossref (40) Scholar]Engineer, geophysicistDispersal connectivityThe juveniles distinct habitat patches. Scale highly dependent species[55.Hüssy K. al.Trace element patterns otoliths: biomineralization.Rev. Fish. Aquacult. 29: 445-477Crossref (79) Scholar,57.Lett al.Converging modeling air sea.Ecol. Model. 415108858Crossref (5) Scholar,58.Cecino G. Treml E.A. Local connections larval competency strongly influence metapopulation persistence.Ecol. 31e02302Crossref (6) Scholar,79.Harrison H.B. al.A portfolio effect stabilizes performance.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 117: 25595Crossref (38) Scholar]Modeller, hydrodynamics engineer, oceanographer, ecologistMigrationThe scheduled individuals[47.Schuster al.Optimizing migratory cycle.Nat. 10: 1754Crossref (47) Scholar,83.Somveille general theory avian connectivity.Ecol. 24: 1848-1858Crossref Scholar]Wildlife ornithologist, operatorGenetic material nearby distant regions generations[16.Xuereb Scholar]Geneticist, ecologistTemporal connectivityLinkages shift time[51.Williams S.H. al.Incorporating optimal representation services.Conserv. 34: 934-942Crossref Scholar,84.Makino al.Spatio-temporal support high-latitude range expansion under change.Divers. 2014; 2014: 6-12Google Scholar]Climate ecologistEnergy flowTransport nutrients movement[39.Venarsky M.P. al.Spatial temporal fish community biomass energy throughout tropical river network.Freshw. 65: 1782-1792Crossref chemist Open table new tab case. grounds. (PPT) implementing explained fact concept broad, complex, means people times. many conceptualisations For example, manager Kenya most concerned enhances high-value, charismatic bring revenues experiences. By contrast, ecologist assisting Indo-Pacific value focus reefs aggregations [20.Beger priorities national policy.Nat. 6: 8208Crossref (99) climate-resilient [21.Beyer H. al.Risk-sensitive conserving rapid change.Conserv. 11e12587Crossref (122) As applied accounting perspectives stakeholders trade-offs, unified approach operationalise context One widely recognised, prioritised, historically forms which connect fragmented been impacted conversion Scholar,22.Hilty J.A. al.Corridor Ecology: Science Practice Conservation. Island Press, 2019Google Habitat fragmentation affects individuals, often, always [e.g., 23.Fahrig L. Ecological responses per se.Annu. 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Our challenges facing ‘connectivity’ policy ambition become integrated deliver networks. recognise much progress made academic incorporating [8.Hermoso Scholar,30.Magris planning.Biol. 170: 207-221Crossref (138) 31.Andrello al.Additive supply fished areas.Divers. 21: 139-150Crossref (64) 32.Krueck N.C. MPA fisheries.Ecol. 925-941Crossref (70) 33.Dickson B.G. al.Circuit-theory applications science conservation.Conserv. 33: 239-249Crossref (178) transferability uptake methods real-world remains limited given explorations decision-makers ground social–economic considerations, equity, political realities) [34.Virtanen al.Marine analogues realm.Landsc. 35: 1021-1034Crossref (14) consequence, integration decisions practitioners fully realised though particularly addressing livelihoods [28.Tittensor overview organisms, achievement With examples, illustrate Planning protection, restoration, harvesting) long-term relates foundational principle adequacy Scholar,35.Kukkala A.S. 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Language: Английский

Citations

78