Manipulating sensitivities of planar oxadiazole‐based high performing energetic materials DOI Creative Commons
Ajay Kumar Chinnam, Jatinder Singh, Richard J. Staples

et al.

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 61(3), P. 506 - 513

Published: Jan. 15, 2024

Abstract Nitrogen‐rich energetic materials based on five‐membered azoles, such as tetrazoles, triazoles, oxadiazoles, pyrazoles, and imidazoles, have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their environmental compatibility while maintaining high performance. These materials, including explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, are designed release energy rapidly efficiently minimizing the of toxic or hazardous byproducts attracted potential applications defense space industries. The presence extensive NC, NN, NN bonds azoles provides enthalpies formation facilitates intermolecular interactions through π‐stacking which may help with reducing sensitivity external stimuli. Now, we report synthesis properties N ‐(5‐(1 H ‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)nitramide ( 5 ) its salts. new nitrogen–oxygen‐containing attractive feature insensitivity increased

Language: Английский

Fused heterocycle-based energetic materials (2012–2019) DOI Open Access
Haixiang Gao, Qinghua Zhang, Jean’ne M. Shreeve

et al.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(8), P. 4193 - 4216

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

Fused heterocycles are unique building blocks for the synthesis of a wide range high-performance energetic materials.

Language: Английский

Citations

346
1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Based High‐Energy‐Density Materials: Synthesis and Performance DOI
Леонид Л. Ферштат, Нина Н. Махова

ChemPlusChem, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 85(1), P. 13 - 42

Published: Oct. 16, 2019

Abstract This Review covers the synthesis and performance of most promising 1,2,5‐oxadiazole‐based high‐energy density materials (HEDMs). These comprise a 1,2,5‐oxadiazole subunit as key structural motif linked to various acyclic explosophoric groups or nitrogen‐rich nitrogen‐oxygen azoles: 1,2,4‐triazole, tetrazole, 1,2,4‐ 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. Energetic alliances two more rings directly through heteroatom spacers are also presented. Particular attention is devoted installation different explosophores: nitro, nitramino, azo, azoxy, dinitromethyl, trinitroethyl moieties their combination. Promising environmentally benign energetic with high detonation velocity pressure, outstanding insensitivity summarized. Overall, presented may be considered next‐generation high‐performance that superior commonly used traditional explosives (TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX).

Language: Английский

Citations

147
Recent synthetic efforts towards high energy density materials: How to design high-performance energetic structures? DOI Creative Commons
Jing Zhou, Jun-Lin Zhang, Bozhou Wang

et al.

FirePhysChem, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2(2), P. 83 - 139

Published: Oct. 1, 2021

Energetic material is a very essential company of compounds, widely used in various fields, primarily the military industry and space technologies. These compounds are unique that they capable instantly decomposing to release enormous energy. The chemical diversity energetic organic constantly increasing through combination high-nitrogen frameworks explosophoric groups, which follows overall trend interest their chemistry applications. scientific community looking for more powerful less sensitive external impulses both civilian use. Herein, detailed overview regarding classic novel groups frameworks, as well description selected synthesis target has been given time period since 2010. physical properties performances benchmark prospective also collected.

Language: Английский

Citations

123
Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials DOI
Joseph Yount, Davin G. Piercey

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 122(9), P. 8809 - 8840

Published: March 15, 2022

Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry commonly applied globally in numerous chemicals, but energetic materials field lags this regard. In review, we endeavor to cover entire history synthetic electrochemistry detail transformations high-nitrogen that relevant new We hope review serves starting point inform those involved chemistry, interested other applications molecules, about environmentally friendly methods available such compounds.

Language: Английский

Citations

81
Bipyrazole bearing ten nitro groups – a novel highly dense oxidizer for forward-looking rocket propulsions DOI
Igor L. Dalinger,

Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky,

Tatyana K. Shkineva

et al.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(30), P. 14780 - 14786

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Novel high-density oxidizer based on highly nitrated bipyrazole was developed. It is the champion among heteroaromatic CHNO compounds with a density equal to 2.021 g cm−3 at room temperature.

Language: Английский

Citations

111
Metal-Free Molecular Perovskite High-Energetic Materials DOI
Yu Shang, Rui‐Kang Huang, Shao‐Li Chen

et al.

Crystal Growth & Design, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(3), P. 1891 - 1897

Published: Feb. 12, 2020

Metal-free energetic materials generally have the advantages of high gas yield and metal-free residue after combustion or explosion, enabling them to be widely used as explosives propellant components. As part a series our investigations on ABX3 molecular perovskite high-energetic materials, here we report five new members, (H2A)[NH4(ClO4)3], by using different organic cations H2A2+, i.e., 1-hydroxy-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium for DAP-O4, piperazine-1,4-diium PAP-4, 1-methyl-piperazine-1,4-diium PAP-M4, homopiperazine-1,4-diium PAP-H4, 1-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium DAP-M4, respectively. Together with previously reported member, (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP-4, H2dabco2+ = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium), these six provide nice instances fine-tune oxygen balance, crystal density, thermal stability, detonation performance, changing A-site solely. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations Kamlet–Jacob (K–J) equation suggested that improving balance while keeping spherical shape match anionic cage in facilitates obtaining better providing an important clue designing advanced practicable materials. It is worth noting three compounds (PAP-4, DAP-O4) are expected exceed performances RDX both explosive propellant, which DAP-O4 has highest heat (6.21 kJ mol–1), velocity (8.900 km s–1), pressure (35.7 GPa), well higher specific impulse value (262 s).

Language: Английский

Citations

83
Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds DOI Creative Commons
Shijie Zhang, Zhenguo Gao, Di Lan

et al.

Molecules, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 25(15), P. 3475 - 3475

Published: July 30, 2020

Nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have attracted wide publicity in the field of materials (EMs) due to their high heat formation, density, tailored thermal stability, and detonation performance. Many nitrated-pyrazole-based been developed meet increasing demands power, low sensitivity, eco-friendly environment, they good applications explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics. Continuous growing efforts committed promote rapid development EMs last decade, especially through large amounts Chinese research. Some ultimate aims are develop potential candidates castable explore novel insensitive energy materials, search for cost synthesis strategies, efficiency, green environmental protection, further widen EMs. This review article present recent processes physical explosive performances Ems, including monopyrazoles with nitro, bispyrazoles nitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles, derivatives, comb trend these compounds. intends prompt fresh concepts designing prominent high-performance nitropyrazole-based

Language: Английский

Citations

72
High performance and heat-resistant pyrazole-1,2,4-triazole energetic materials: Tuning the thermal stability by asymmetric framework and azo-bistriazole bridge DOI

Jinxiong Cai,

Changpeng Xie,

Jin Xiong

et al.

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 433, P. 134480 - 134480

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

67
Facile synthesis of nitroamino-1,3,4-oxadiazole with azo linkage: a new family of high-performance and biosafe energetic materials DOI
Shreyasi Banik,

Pradeep Kumar,

Vikas D. Ghule

et al.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(42), P. 22803 - 22811

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Energetic materials serve as remarkable fuel/propellants for space shuttles, and their utility in civil military applications is vast.

Language: Английский

Citations

41
Trinitromethyl Energetic Groups Enhance High Heats of Detonation DOI
Peng Chen,

Hui Dou,

Jinya Zhang

et al.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 4144 - 4151

Published: Jan. 11, 2023

The introduction of groups with high enthalpies formation can effectively improve the detonation performance compounds. A series novel energetic compounds (10-13) formation, density, and nitrogen-oxygen content were designed synthesized by combining gem-polynitromethyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, furoxan, azo groups. All new thoroughly characterized IR, NMR, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 10 11 also further single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound has density (1.93 g cm-3), enthalpy (993.5 kJ mol-1), velocity (9411 m s-1), heat (6889 kg-1) is a potentially excellent secondary explosive.

Language: Английский

Citations

25