Recent Advances and Perspectives on Coupled Water Electrolysis for Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

Abstract Overall water splitting (OWS) to produce hydrogen has attracted large attention in recent years due its ecological‐friendliness and sustainability. However, the efficiency of OWS been forced by sluggish kinetics four‐electron oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The replacement OER alternative electrooxidation small molecules with more thermodynamically favorable potentials may fundamentally break limitation achieve production low energy consumption, which also be accompanied value‐added chemicals than or electrochemical degradation pollutants. This review critically assesses latest discoveries coupled various OWS, including alcohols, aldehydes, amides, urea, hydrazine, etc. Emphasis is placed on corresponding electrocatalyst design related mechanisms (e.g., dual hydrogenation N–N bond breaking hydrazine C═N regulation urea inhibit hazardous NCO − NO productions, etc.), along emerging reactions (electrooxidation tetrazoles, furazans, iodide, quinolines, ascorbic acid, sterol, trimethylamine, etc.). Some new decoupled electrolysis self‐powered systems are discussed detail. Finally, potential challenges prospects highlighted aid future research directions.

Language: Английский

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High-performing, insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials from zwitterionicgem-dinitromethyl substituted C–C bonded 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole

Chemical Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 59(29), P. 4324 - 4327

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

A series of gem-dinitromethyl substituted zwitterionic C-C bonded azole based energetic materials (3-8) were designed, synthesized, and characterized through NMR, IR, EA, DSC studies. Further, the structure 5 was confirmed with SCXRD those 6 8 15N NMR. All newly synthesized molecules exhibited higher density, good thermal stability, excellent detonation performance, low mechanical sensitivity to external stimuli such as impact friction. Among all, compounds 7 may serve ideal secondary high energy density due their remarkable decomposition (200 °C 186 °C), insensitivity (>30 J), velocity (9248 m s-1 8861 s-1) pressure (32.7 GPa 32.1 GPa). Additionally, melting temperatures 3 (Tm = 92 °C, Td 242 °C) indicate that it can be used a melt-cast explosive. The novelty, synthetic feasibility, performance all suggest they potential explosives in defence civilian fields.

Language: Английский

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Enhancing Conjugation Effect to Develop Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials with Higher Energy and Stability

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 10211 - 10217

Published: Feb. 19, 2024

This work reports a strategy by enhancing conjugation effect and synthesizes symmetrical planar compound, 1,2-bis (4,5-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)diazene (NL24). The incorporation of azo 1,2,3-triazole moieties manifests synergistic effect, amplifying the bridge thereby elevating stability NL24 (Td: 263 °C, IS: 7 J). Notably, NL24, possessing structural configuration comprising four tetrazoles harboring total 24 nitrogen atoms, exhibits excellent detonation performances (ΔHf: 6.06 kJ g–1, VD: 9002 m s–1). achieves balance energy polycyclic provides direction for high-performance energetic materials.

Language: Английский

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Single Step Synthesis of gem-Dinitro Methyl-1,2,4-triazole and Its Hydroxylamine Salt: An Alternative to the FOX-7 and Other Benchmark Explosives

Organic Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(22), P. 4788 - 4792

Published: May 29, 2024

gem-Dinitro methyl based high-energy-density material 5-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (2) and its hydroxylamine salt (4) were synthesized for the first time in a single step characterized. Further, structure of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. Interestengly, both compounds show excellent density (> 1.83 g cm-3), detonation velocity 8700 m s–1), pressure 30 GPa) are insensitive toward mechanical stimuli such as impact friction sensitivity. Considering their synthetic fesibility balanced energetic performance, 4 future prospects potential next-generation materials replacenent many presently used benchmark high energy RDX, FOX-7 highly H-FOX.

Language: Английский

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Highly Promising Primary Explosive: A Metal-Free, Fluoro-Substituted Azo-Triazole with Unmatched Safety and Performance

JACS Au, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(2), P. 1031 - 1038

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

A primary explosive is a perfect chemical compound for starting ignition in military and commercial uses. Over the past century, quest lead-free, environmentally friendly explosives has been significant challenge long-standing goal. Here, an innovative organic explosive, (E)-1,2-bis(3-azido-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)diazene (4), designed synthesized through straightforward three-step reaction from commercially available reagents. Importantly, this integrated two trifluoromethyl azido groups into N,N′-azo-1,2,4-triazole backbone to enhance performance safety. With combination, it meets stringent criteria safer, explosives: being metal perchlorate-free, possessing high density, excellent priming ability, unique sensitivities nonexplosive stimuli. It shows robust environmental resistance, good thermal stability, effective detonation also can be effectively initiated with laser. Moreover, test, 4 successfully detonated 500 mg of PETN ultralow minimum primer charge (MPC) 40 mg, similar traditional LA (MPC: mg) outperforming metal-free ICM-103 60 DDNP 70 mg). The power, combined its synthesis, cost-effectiveness, easy large-scale manufacturing, makes superior alternative currently used such as lead azide (LA) diazodinitrophenol (DDNP).

Language: Английский

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Polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles as heat-resistant explosives

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(32), P. 6604 - 6616

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

This work demonstrates the synthesis, characterization, and energetic properties’ evaluation of polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1 H -pyrazole-based heat-resistant explosives.

Language: Английский

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Nitroimino as an energetic group in designing energetic materials for practical use, a tautomerism from nitroamino

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(26), P. 13876 - 13888

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Hydrogen transfer from nitroamino to nitroimino promotes density, energy and safety of energetic materials suggesting excellent application prospects in designing next generation high density materials.

Language: Английский

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Mixed-Metallic Energetic Metal–Organic Framework: New Structure Motif for Potential Heat-Resistant Energetic Materials

Crystal Growth & Design, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 2142 - 2148

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

The incessant pursuit of heat-resistant explosives with balanced energetic performance and safety is indispensable in civil military sectors, particularly when employed harsh environments. Herein, a new nanostructured highly metal–organic framework (E-MOF), based on nickel(II) sodium(I) mixed-metal has been constructed using an poly tetrazole molecule by the hydrothermal approach. Na/Ni-MOF was thoroughly characterized infrared radiation (IR), thermogravimetric analysis differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Further, crystal structure authenticated single analysis, their packing features were well explored, revealing wave-like 3D having density 1.985 g cm–3. This mixed-metallic E-MOF demonstrated good enthalpy combustion (−7.91 kJ·g–1), velocity detonation (VOD = 7410 m s–1) exceeding that trinitrotoluene (TNT, 6820 m/s) Hexanitrostilbene (HNS, 7164 m/s), excellent insensitivity [impact sensitivity (IS) > 40 J friction (FS) 360 N]. Additionally, it exhibits outstanding thermal stability (Td 387 °C). These fine-tuned properties are superior to those continuously used benchmark HNS 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, suggesting newly reported tetrazole-based beneficial for improved physical performance. results given present work highlighted advantages as potential explosive future applications.

Language: Английский

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Exchanging of NH2/NHNH2/NHOH groups: An effective strategy for balancing the energy and safety of fused-ring energetic materials

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 466, P. 143333 - 143333

Published: May 4, 2023

Language: Английский

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Highly Dense N–N-Bridged Dinitramino Bistriazole-Based 3D Metal–Organic Frameworks with Balanced Outstanding Energetic Performance

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 10, 2024

Due to the inherent conflict between energy and safety, construction of energetic materials or metal–organic frameworks (E-MOFs) with balanced thermal stability, sensitivity, high detonation performance is challenging for chemists worldwide. In this regard, in recent times self-assembly ligands (high nitrogen- oxygen-containing small molecules) alkali metals were probed as a promising strategy build high-energy excellent density, insensitivity, performance. Herein, based on nitrogen-rich N,N′-([4,4′-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-3,3′-dial)dinitramide (H2BDNBT) ligand, two new environmentally benign E-MOFs including potassium [K2BDNBT]n (K-MOF) sodium [Na2BDNBT]n (Na-MOF) have been introduced characterized by NMR, IR, TGA-DSC, ICP-MS, PXRD, elemental analyses, SCXRD. Interestingly, Na-MOF K-MOF demonstrate solvent-free 3D dense having crystal densities 2.16 2.14 g cm–3, respectively. Both show velocity (VOD) 8557–9724 m/s, pressure (DP) 30.41–36.97 GPa, positive heat formation 122.52–242.25 kJ mol–1, insensitivity mechanical stimuli such impact friction (IS = 30–40 J, FS > 360 N). Among them, has (9724 m/s) superior that conventional explosives. Additionally, both are highly heat-resistant, higher decomposition (319 °C 293 Na-MOF) than traditional explosives RDX (210 °C), HMX (279 CL-20 (221 °C). This stability ascribed extensive structure strong covalent interactions BDNBT2– K(I)/Na(I) ions. To best our knowledge, first time, we report dinitramino-based stable secondary explosives, may serve next-generation high-energy-density material replacement presently used thermally RDX, HNS, HMX, CL-20.

Language: Английский

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