Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Dec. 9, 2024
Abstract
Photoredox
catalysis
has
attracted
increasing
attention
because
of
wide
range
synthetic
transformations
and
solar
energy
conversion
applications.
Reviews
on
photoredox
have
so
far
focused
predominantly
the
This
review
highlights
how
organic
catalysts
were
developed
they
function
as
efficient
photocatalysts
in
mechanistic
point
views.
In
particular,
9‐mesityl‐10‐methylactidinium
(Acr
+
–Mes)
been
highlighted
one
best
catalysts.
Acr
–Mes
was
originally
a
model
compound
photosynthetic
reaction
center
to
mimic
long
lifetime
charge‐separated
state
which
is
converted
chemical
photosynthesis.
The
reason
why
acts
most
catalyst
clarified
terms
one‐electron
redox
potentials
lifetimes
electron‐transfer
•
•+
)
produced
upon
photoexcitation
different
solvents.
mesityl
substituent
at
9‐position
moiety
essential
for
discussed
comparison
with
acridinium
ions
substituents
R
–R)
including
10‐methylacridinium
ion
no
(AcrH
).
mechanisms
are
various
reactions
mimicking
quinolinium
its
derivatives
also
that
–Mes.
Finally,
immobilization
form
composite
improve
catalytic
activity
stability.
RSC Advances,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(29), P. 20609 - 20645
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
The
photocatalytic
field
revolves
around
the
utilization
of
photon
energy
to
initiate
various
chemical
reactions
using
non-adsorbing
substrates,
through
processes
such
as
single
electron
transfer,
or
atom
transfer.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
145(34), P. 18753 - 18759
Published: Aug. 15, 2023
The
asymmetric
difunctionalization
of
alkenes,
a
method
transforming
readily
accessible
alkenes
into
enantioenriched
chiral
structures
high
value,
has
long
been
focal
point
organic
synthesis.
Despite
tremendous
efforts
in
this
domain,
it
remains
considerable
challenge
to
devise
enantioselective
oxidative
dicarbofunctionalization
even
though
these
transformations
can
utilize
stable
and
unfunctionalized
functional
group
donors.
In
context,
we
report
herein
photoelectrocatalytic
for
the
heteroarylcyanation
aryl
which
employs
heteroarenes
through
C-H
functionalization.
photoelectrochemical
catalysis
(PEAC)
combines
photoredox
electrocatalysis
facilitate
formation
two
C-C
bonds
operating
via
hydrogen
(H2)
evolution
obviating
need
external
chemical
oxidants.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 13, 2025
ConspectusMolecular
photoelectrocatalysis,
which
combines
the
merits
of
photocatalysis
and
organic
electrosynthesis,
including
their
green
attributes
capacity
to
offer
novel
reactivity
selectivity,
represents
an
emerging
field
in
chemistry
that
addresses
growing
demands
for
environmental
sustainability
synthetic
efficiency.
This
synergistic
approach
permits
access
a
wider
range
redox
potentials,
facilitates
transformations
under
gentler
electrode
decreases
use
external
harsh
reagents.
Despite
these
potential
advantages,
this
area
did
not
receive
significant
attention
until
2019,
when
we
others
reported
first
examples
modern
molecular
photoelectrocatalysis.
These
studies
showcased
immense
hybrid
strategy,
only
inherits
strengths
its
parent
fields
but
also
unlocks
unprecedented
enabling
challenging
mild
conditions
while
minimizing
reliance
on
stoichiometric
oxidants
or
reductants.In
Account,
present
our
efforts
develop
photoelectrocatalytic
strategies
leverage
homogeneous
catalysts
facilitate
diverse
radical
reactions.
By
integrating
electrocatalysis
with
key
photoinduced
processes
such
as
single
electron
transfer
(SET),
ligand-to-metal
charge
(LMCT),
hydrogen
atom
(HAT),
have
established
methods
transform
substrates
organotrifluoroborates,
arenes,
carboxylic
acids,
alkanes
into
reactive
intermediates.
intermediates
subsequently
engage
heteroarene
C-H
functionalization
Importantly,
photoelectrochemical
catalysts,
generated
bulk
solution
readily
participate
efficient
reactions
without
undergoing
further
overoxidation
carbocations,
common
challenge
conventional
electrochemical
systems.By
integration
photoelectrocatalysis
asymmetric
catalysis,
developed
catalysis
(PEAC),
proves
be
enantioselective
synthesis
chiral
nitriles.
involves
two
relay
catalytic
cycles:
initial
process
engenders
benzylic
radicals
from
precursors
alkyl
aryl
alkenes,
C-radicals
are
then
subjected
cyanation
subsequent
copper-electrocatalytic
cycle.Within
realm
oxidative
transformations,
anode
serves
crucial
component
recycling
generating
photocatalyst,
cathode
promotes
proton
reduction.
dual
functionality
enables
via
H
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
67(6), P. 4322 - 4345
Published: March 8, 2024
Photochemistry
has
emerged
as
a
transformative
force
in
organic
chemistry,
significantly
expanding
the
chemical
space
accessible
for
medicinal
chemistry.
Light-induced
reactions
enable
efficient
synthesis
of
intricate
structures
and
have
found
applications
throughout
different
stages
drug
discovery
development
processes.
Moreover,
photochemical
techniques
provide
innovative
solutions
biology,
allowing
precise
spatiotemporal
activation
targeted
delivery.
In
this
Perspective,
we
highlight
already
numerous
remarkable
even
more
promising
future
photochemistry
chemistry
biology.
Green Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
26(7), P. 4199 - 4208
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
A
new
photoelectrocatalytic
mode
permits
the
synthesis
of
polycyclic
pyrimidin-4-ones
through
dehydrogenative
cyclization
malonates
with
unactivated
alkenes.
Organic Chemistry Frontiers,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(14), P. 4024 - 4040
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
This
review
provides
a
comprehensive
overview
of
metal
catalysis
in
photo-electrochemical
systems,
discussing
reaction
mechanisms
and
offering
prospects
for
this
triadic
catalytic
mode.
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
124(21), P. 12264 - 12304
Published: Oct. 23, 2024
Electrocatalysis
and
photocatalysis
have
been
the
focus
of
extensive
research
efforts
in
organic
synthesis
recent
decades,
these
powerful
strategies
provided
a
wealth
new
methods
to
construct
complex
molecules.
Despite
intense
efforts,
only
recently
has
there
significant
on
combined
use
two
modalities.
Nevertheless,
past
five
years
witnessed
rapidly
growing
interest
area
electrophotocatalysis.
This
hybrid
strategy
capitalizes
enormous
benefits
using
photons
as
reagents
while
also
employing
an
electric
potential
convenient
tunable
source
or
sink
electrons.
Research
this
topic
led
number
for
C-H
functionalization,
reductive
cross-coupling,
olefin
addition
among
others.
field
seen
broad
range
catalyst
types,
including
both
metal
organocatalysts.
Of
particular
note
work
with
open-shell
photocatalysts,
which
tend
comparatively
large
redox
potentials.
Electrochemistry
provides
means
generate
such
species,
making
electrophotocatalysis
particularly
amenable
intriguing
class
catalyst.
review
surveys
applied
synthesis,
organized
broadly
into
oxidative,
reductive,
neutral
transformations.
Green Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
25(20), P. 7959 - 7962
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Reported
herein
is
an
organocatalyzed
photoelectrochemical
C(aryl)–H
amination
reaction
for
direct
access
to
anilides
from
easily
available
and
stable
arenes
carbamates
without
the
need
sacrificial
oxidants.
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
366(10), P. 2352 - 2362
Published: April 5, 2024
Abstract
While
the
emergence
of
electrophotochemistry
provides
opportunities,
such
a
chemistry
at
this
stage
suffers
from
limited
reaction
types
and
high
photocatalyst
loadings.
A
self‐catalyzed
electrophotosynthesis
as
well
one
with
low
loading
is
presented.
These
external‐oxidant‐free
cyclizations
are
enabling
applicable
to
range
activated
alkenes,
affording
diverse
array
thiocyanato
heterocycles
including
4‐pyrrolin‐2‐ones,
isoquinoline‐1,3‐diones,
indolo[2,1‐
]isoquinolin‐6(5
H
)‐ones,
benzoimidazo[2,1‐
)‐ones
indolin‐2‐ones,
protocols
amenable
late‐stage
diversification
complex
molecular
architectures
gram‐scale
syntheses.
Sunlight
could
serve
light
source,
be
conducted
in
an
all‐solar‐driven
mode
using
commercially
available
photovoltaic
panel
produce
electricity.
Chemistry - A European Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(62)
Published: Aug. 10, 2024
The
difunctionalization
of
alkenes
represents
a
powerful
tool
to
incorporate
two
functional
groups
into
the
alkene
bones
for
increasing
molecular
complexity
and
has
been
widely
utilizations
in
chemical
synthesis.
Upon
catalysis
green,
sustainable,
mild
photo-/electrochemistry
technologies,
much
attentions
have
attracted
development
new
tactics
transformations
important
alkane
feedstocks
driven
by
C-H
radical
functionalization.
Herein,
we
summarize
recent
advances
photo-/electrocatalytic
enabled
We
detailedly
discuss
substrate
scope
mechanisms
reactions
selecting
impressive
synthetic
examples,
which
are
divided
four
sections
based
on
final
terminated
step,
including
oxidative
radical-polar
crossover
coupling,
reductive
radical-radical
transition-metal-catalyzed
coupling.