Science,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
304(5678), P. 1800 - 1804
Published: May 25, 2004
Pathogenic
mycobacteria
resist
lysosomal
delivery
after
uptake
into
macrophages,
allowing
them
to
survive
intracellularly.
We
found
that
the
eukaryotic-like
serine/threonine
protein
kinase
G
from
pathogenic
was
secreted
within
macrophage
phagosomes,
inhibiting
phagosome-lysosome
fusion
and
mediating
intracellular
survival
of
mycobacteria.
Inactivation
by
gene
disruption
or
chemical
inhibition
resulted
in
localization
mycobacterial
cell
death
infected
macrophages.
Besides
identifying
a
target
for
control
infections,
these
findings
suggest
have
evolved
signal
transduction
mechanisms
capable
modulating
host
trafficking
pathways.
Biochemical Journal,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
408(3), P. 297 - 315
Published: Nov. 28, 2007
The
specificities
of
65
compounds
reported
to
be
relatively
specific
inhibitors
protein
kinases
have
been
profiled
against
a
panel
70–80
kinases.
On
the
basis
this
information,
effects
that
we
studied
in
cells
and
other
data
literature,
recommend
use
following
small-molecule
inhibitors:
SB
203580/SB202190
BIRB
0796
used
parallel
assess
physiological
roles
p38
MAPK
(mitogen-activated
kinase)
isoforms,
PI-103
wortmannin
inhibit
phosphatidylinositol
(phosphoinositide)
3-kinases,
PP1
or
PP2
with
Src-I1
(Src
inhibitor-1)
Src
family
members;
PD
184352
0325901
MKK1
(MAPK
kinase-1)
plus
MKK5,
Akt-I-1/2
activation
PKB
(protein
kinase
B/Akt),
rapamycin
TORC1
[mTOR
(mammalian
target
rapamycin)–raptor
(regulatory
associated
mTOR)
complex],
CT
99021
GSK3
(glycogen
synthase
3),
BI-D1870
SL0101
FMK
(fluoromethylketone)
RSK
(ribosomal
S6
kinase),
D4476
CK1
(casein
1),
VX680
Aurora
kinases,
roscovitine
as
pan-CDK
(cyclin-dependent
inhibitor.
We
also
identified
harmine
potent
inhibitor
DYRK1A
(dual-specificity
tyrosine-phosphorylated
-regulated
1A)
vitro.
results
further
emphasized
need
for
considerable
caution
using
these
enzymes.
Despite
being
widely,
many
analysed
were
too
non-specific
useful
conclusions
made,
than
exclude
involvement
particular
cellular
processes.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
89(1), P. 193 - 277
Published: Jan. 1, 2009
The
ability
to
control
cell
volume
is
pivotal
for
function.
Cell
perturbation
elicits
a
wide
array
of
signaling
events,
leading
protective
(e.g.,
cytoskeletal
rearrangement)
and
adaptive
altered
expression
osmolyte
transporters
heat
shock
proteins)
measures
and,
in
most
cases,
activation
regulatory
transport.
After
acute
swelling,
regulated
by
the
process
decrease
(RVD),
which
involves
KCl
cotransport
channels
mediating
K
+
,
Cl
−
taurine
efflux.
Conversely,
after
shrinkage,
increase
(RVI),
mediated
primarily
Na
/H
exchange,
-K
-2Cl
cotransport,
channels.
Here,
we
review
detail
current
knowledge
regarding
molecular
identity
these
transport
pathways
their
regulation
by,
e.g.,
membrane
deformation,
ionic
strength,
Ca
2+
protein
kinases
phosphatases,
elements,
GTP
binding
proteins,
lipid
mediators,
reactive
oxygen
species,
upon
changes
volume.
We
also
discuss
nature
upstream
elements
sensing
vertebrate
organisms.
Importantly,
impacts
on
physiological
processes,
including
transepithelial
transport;
migration,
proliferation,
death;
function
as
specific
signals
regulating
processes.
A
discussion
this
issue
concludes
review.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
92(2), P. 689 - 737
Published: April 1, 2012
The
mammalian
stress-activated
families
of
mitogen-activated
protein
kinases
(MAPKs)
were
first
elucidated
in
1994,
and
by
2001,
substantial
progress
had
been
made
identifying
the
architecture
pathways
upstream
these
as
well
cataloguing
candidate
substrates.
This
information
remains
largely
sound.
Nevertheless,
an
informed
understanding
physiological
pathophysiological
roles
remained
to
be
accomplished.
In
past
decade,
there
has
explosion
new
work
using
RNAi
cells,
transgenic,
knockout
conditional
technology
mice
that
provided
valuable
insight
into
functions
MAPK
pathways.
These
findings
have
important
implications
our
organ
development,
innate
acquired
immunity,
diseases
such
atherosclerosis,
tumorigenesis,
type
2
diabetes.
developments
bring
us
within
striking
distance
development
validation
novel
treatment
strategies.
Herein
we
summarize
molecular
components
stress-regulated
their
regulation
described
thus
far.
We
then
review
some
vivo
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2004,
Volume and Issue:
3(11), P. 1427 - 1438
Published: Nov. 1, 2004
Abstract
PD
0332991
is
a
highly
specific
inhibitor
of
cyclin-dependent
kinase
4
(Cdk4)
(IC50,
0.011
μmol/L)
and
Cdk6
0.016
μmol/L),
having
no
activity
against
panel
36
additional
protein
kinases.
It
potent
antiproliferative
agent
retinoblastoma
(Rb)-positive
tumor
cells
in
vitro,
inducing
an
exclusive
G1
arrest,
with
concomitant
reduction
phospho-Ser780/Ser795
on
the
Rb
protein.
Oral
administration
to
mice
bearing
Colo-205
human
colon
carcinoma
produces
marked
regression.
Therapeutic
doses
cause
elimination
phospho-Rb
proliferative
marker
Ki-67
tissue
down-regulation
genes
under
transcriptional
control
E2F.
The
results
indicate
that
inhibition
Cdk4/6
alone
sufficient
regression
net
burden
some
tumors.