Lipids in Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and the Role of Calculated Lipid Indices in Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 75 - 75

Published: Dec. 21, 2022

The role of lipids is essential in any phase the atherosclerotic process, which considered a chronic lipid-related and inflammatory condition. traditional lipid profile (including evaluation total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein) well-established tool to assess risk atherosclerosis as such has been widely used pillar cardiovascular disease prevention target pharmacological treatments clinical practice over last decades. However, other non-traditional have emerged possible alternative predictors cardiometabolic addition single or panel lipids, they better reflect overall interaction between lipid/lipoprotein fractions. Therefore, this review deals with involvement characterizing pathophysiology atherosclerosis, discussing some recently proposed indices and, light available knowledge, their actual potential new additive tools stratify patients hyperlipidemia well therapeutic targets practice.

Language: Английский

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AIF1: Function and Connection with Inflammatory Diseases

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 694 - 694

Published: May 9, 2023

Macrophages are a type of immune cell distributed throughout all tissues an organism. Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1) is calcium-binding protein linked to the activation macrophages. AIF1 key intracellular signaling molecule that participates in phagocytosis, membrane ruffling and F-actin polymerization. Moreover, it has several type-specific functions. plays important roles development diseases: kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases neurological disorders, transplants. In this review, we present comprehensive review known structure, functions role diseases.

Language: Английский

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Roles of lncRNAs in NF-κB-Mediated Macrophage Inflammation and Their Implications in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 2670 - 2670

Published: Feb. 25, 2024

Over the past century, molecular biology’s focus has transitioned from proteins to DNA, and now RNA. Once considered merely a genetic information carrier, RNA is recognized as both vital element in early cellular life regulator complex organisms. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are over 200 bases long but do not code for proteins, play roles gene expression regulation signal transduction by inducing epigenetic changes or interacting with various RNAs. These interactions exhibit range of functions cell types, including macrophages. Notably, some macrophage lncRNAs influence activation NF-κB, crucial transcription factor governing immune inflammatory responses. Macrophage NF-κB instrumental progression pathological conditions sepsis, atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmune disorders, hypersensitivity. It orchestrates related responses, inflammation, survival, proliferation. Consequently, its malfunction key contributor onset development these diseases. This review aims summarize function regulating activity particular emphasis on their relevance human diseases potential therapeutic targets. The insights gained studies lncRNAs, discussed this review, could provide valuable knowledge treatments involving

Language: Английский

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Obesity and dysregulated innate immune responses: impact of micronutrient deficiencies

Trends in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 44(3), P. 217 - 230

Published: Jan. 26, 2023

Language: Английский

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The role of macrophage polarization in vascular calcification

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 710, P. 149863 - 149863

Published: March 31, 2024

Vascular calcification is an important factor in the high morbidity and mortality of Cardiovascular cerebrovascular diseases. damage caused by intima or media impairs physiological function vascular wall. Inflammation a central development calcification. Macrophages are main inflammatory cells. Dynamic changes macrophages with different phenotypes play role occurrence, progression stability This review focuses on macrophage polarization relationship between environment, as well mechanism interaction, it considered that can promote releasing mediators promoting osteogenic transdifferentiation smooth muscle cells so on. In addition, several therapeutic strategies aimed at for described, which great significance targeted treatment

Language: Английский

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LncRNAs Affecting NF-κB-Mediated Macrophage Inflammation Are Potential Therapeutic Targets in Human Diseases

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

The studies regarding macrophage lncRNAs described in this review can help provide valuable information for developing treatments various pathological conditions involving macrophages. Over the past century, molecular biology's focus has transitioned from proteins to DNA, and now RNA. Once considered merely a genetic carrier, RNA is recognized as both vital element early cellular life regulator complex organisms. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are over 200 bases long but do not code proteins, play roles gene expression regulation signal transduction by inducing epigenetic changes or interacting with RNAs. These interactions exhibit range of functions cell types including Notably, some influence activation NF-κB, crucial transcription factor governing immune inflammatory responses. Macrophage NF-κB instrumental progression sepsis, atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmune disorders, hypersensitivity. It orchestrates related responses, inflammation, survival, proliferation. Consequently, its malfunction key contributor onset development these diseases. This summarizes role that regulate especially focusing on their implications human diseases potential therapeutic targets

Language: Английский

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Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism

Thyroid Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: June 17, 2024

Abstract Primary hypothyroidism (PHT) is associated with an increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and other cardiovascular disorders. PHT induces through induction endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance (IR). promotes vasoconstriction hypertension. However, patients subclinical normal thyroid hormones (THs) are also at complications. In PHT, increasing stimulating hormone (TSH) levels could be one causative factors intricate in progression complications including AS. Nevertheless, mechanistic role AS has not been fully clarified relation to TSH. Therefore, this review, we discuss association between TSH AS, how may involved pathogenesis addition, L-thyroxine treatment affects

Language: Английский

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Ultrasound-mediated nanomaterials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 114, P. 107270 - 107270

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Sterile and infection-associated inflammatory diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Conventional drug therapies often entail significant drawbacks, such as the risk of overdose, development resistance in pathogens, systemic adverse reactions, all which can undermine effectiveness treatments for these conditions. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged a promising tool treatment due to their precise targeting capabilities, tunable characteristics, responsiveness external stimuli. Ultrasound (US), non-invasive effective method, has been explored combination with NMs achieve enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This review provides comprehensive overview recent advances use US-mediated treating diseases. A introduction application classification US was first presented, emphasizing advantages mechanisms through interact enhance anti-inflammatory therapy. Subsequently, specific applications sterile inflammation were summarized. Finally, challenges prospects clinical translation discussed, along an outline future research directions. aims provide insights guide improvement more interventions

Language: Английский

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How Advanced Is Nanomedicine for Atherosclerosis?

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: Volume 20, P. 3445 - 3470

Published: March 1, 2025

Advances in nanotechnology have opened new avenues for precision therapy, personalized medicine, and multifunctional theranostics atherosclerosis (AS). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role nanoparticles (NPs) medicine AS, discussing their applications, challenges, future prospects. The first analyzes current treatment landscape AS outlines potential biological targets therapy. Various nanocarriers, including organic, inorganic, hybrid systems, are evaluated therapeutic potential, with focus on targeted drug delivery, anti-inflammatory vascular repair, plaque stabilization, lipid clearance. Additionally, explores NP preparation methods, emphasizing strategies to enhance loading, stability, controlled release. Finally, translational challenges NP-based therapies, biocompatibility, large-scale production, regulatory hurdles, clinical implementation, critically analyzed. Future directions highlight importance interdisciplinary collaboration technological innovation advancing nanoparticle-based AS.

Language: Английский

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L-AP Alleviates Liver Injury in Septic Mice by Inhibiting Macrophage Activation via Suppressing NF-κB and NLRP3 Inflammasome/Caspase-1 Signal Pathways

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 72(15), P. 8460 - 8475

Published: April 2, 2024

Liver injury and progressive liver failure are severe life-threatening complications in sepsis, further worsening the disease leading to death. Macrophages their mediated inflammatory cytokine storm critical regulators occurrence progression of for which effective treatments still lacking. l-Ascorbic acid 6-palmitate (L-AP), a food additive, can inhibit neuroinflammation by modulating phenotype microglia, but its pharmacological action septic damage has not been fully explored. We aimed investigate L-AP's antisepticemia possible mechanisms attenuating macrophage function. observed that L-AP treatment significantly increased survival cecal ligation puncture-induced WT mice attenuated hepatic injury, including histopathology tissues, hepatocyte apoptosis, enzyme levels plasma, were comparable NLRP3-deficiency mice. supplementation excessive response tissues vivo cultured macrophages challenged both LPS ATP vitro, reducing NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18 mRNA expression, as well proteins p-I-κB-α, p-NF-κB-p65, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18. Additionally, it impaired inflammasome ASC spot activation reduced factor contents, IL-1β IL-18 plasma/cultured superannuants. It also prevented infiltration/migration M1-like polarization while improving M2-like polarization. Overall, our findings revealed protected against sepsis production suppressing NF-κB NLRP3 signal pathways liver.

Language: Английский

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