HERBIVORE VS. NUTRIENT CONTROL OF MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCERS: CONTEXT-DEPENDENT EFFECTS

Ecology, Journal Year: 2006, Volume and Issue: 87(12), P. 3128 - 3139

Published: Dec. 1, 2006

Pervasive overharvesting of consumers and anthropogenic nutrient loading are changing the strengths top-down bottom-up forces in ecosystems worldwide. Thus, identifying relative synergistic roles these how they differ across habitats, ecosystems, or primary-producer types is increasingly important for understanding communities structured. We used factorial meta-analysis 54 field experiments that orthogonally manipulated herbivore pressure to quantify consumer effects on primary producers benthic marine habitats. Across all producer types, herbivory enrichment both significantly affected abundance. They also interacted create greater absence herbivores, suggesting loss herbivores produces more dramatic loading. Herbivores consistently had stronger than did tropical macroalgae seagrasses. The strong but limited suggest suppression populations has played a larger role eutrophication driving phase shift from coral- macroalgal-dominated reefs many areas, especially Caribbean. For temperate microalgae, varied as function inherent productivity ecosystem. algal groups, appeared have high- vs. low-productivity systems, while exerted effect systems. Effects nutrients among functional groups (crustose algae, upright macroalgae, filamentous algae), within group between according metric measure These analyses human alteration food webs availability significant vary latitudes producers, with ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Microbial disease and the coral holobiont

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 17(12), P. 554 - 562

Published: Oct. 13, 2009

Language: Английский

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Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 35(1), P. 31 - 54

Published: Nov. 2, 2004

▪ Abstract Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases each of these makes it difficult attribute recent changes occurrence or severity any one factor. For example, the increase Caribbean coral is postulated be a result climate change and introduction terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased turtles; (b) protection, pathogens mammal disease; (c) aquaculture mollusks; (d) release from overfished predators sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing pollution may have reduced fishes. other taxa (e.g., grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there little has changed over time. The diversity patterns suggests are many ways environmental interact with ocean.

Language: Английский

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Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 104(40), P. 15781 - 15786

Published: Sept. 25, 2007

The widespread emergence of human and wildlife diseases has challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale agents environmental change affect host-pathogen interactions. Accelerated eutrophication aquatic ecosystems owing nitrogen phosphorus enrichment is a pervasive form that been implicated in the through direct indirect pathways. We provide experimental evidence linking disease multihost parasite system. trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae sequentially infects birds, snails, amphibian larvae, frequently causing severe limb deformities mortality. Eutrophication this parasite, but definitive evidence, as well mechanistic understanding, have lacking until now. show effects cascade life cycle promote algal production, density snail hosts, and, ultimately, intensity infection amphibians. Infection also negatively affected survival developing Mechanistically, promoted two distinctive pathways: by increasing infected hosts enhancing per-snail production infectious parasites. Given forecasted increases global eutrophication, extinctions, similarities between important pathogens, our results broad epidemiological ecological significance.

Language: Английский

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Global Marine Biodiversity Trends

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Journal Year: 2006, Volume and Issue: 31(1), P. 93 - 122

Published: July 7, 2006

▪ Abstract Marine biodiversity encompasses all levels of complexity life in the sea, from within species to across ecosystems. At levels, marine has naturally exhibited a general, slow trajectory increase, punctuated by mass extinctions at evolutionary scale and disturbances ecological scale. In historical times, synergy human threats, including overfishing, global warming, biological introductions, pollution, caused rapid decline biodiversity, as measured extinctions, population depletions, community homogenization. The consequences this loss include changes ecosystem function reduction provision services. Global will continue likely accelerate future, with potentially more frequent collapses community-wide shifts. However, timing magnitude these catastrophic events are probably unpredictable.

Language: Английский

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¿Cómo afectará el cambio climático a los parásitos y las enfermedades infecciosas de los animales acuáticos?

Revue Scientifique et Technique de l OIE, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 467 - 484

Published: Aug. 1, 2008

Climate change is predicted to have important effects on parasitism and disease in freshwater marine ecosystems, with consequences for human health socio-economics. The distribution of parasites pathogens will be directly affected by global warming, but also indirectly, through host range abundance. To date, numerous outbreaks, especially organisms, been associated climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In general, transmission rates are expected increase increasing temperature. Evidence suggests that virulence some may warming. climate superimposed onto other anthropogenic stressors contaminants, habitat loss species introductions. This combination work cumulatively or synergistically exacerbate negative organisms populations. Climatic diseases key cascade food webs, entire ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 346(1-2), P. 36 - 44

Published: April 27, 2007

Language: Английский

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Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 36(6), P. 1111 - 1128

Published: Feb. 12, 2009

Abstract Aim Globally, species distribution patterns in the deep sea are poorly resolved, with spatial coverage being sparse for most taxa and true absence data missing. Increasing human impacts on deep‐sea ecosystems mean that reaching a better understanding of such is becoming more urgent. Cold‐water stony corals (Order Scleractinia) form structurally complex habitats (dense thickets or reefs) can support diversity other associated fauna. Despite their widely accepted ecological importance, records scleractinian seamounts patchy simply not available global ocean. The objective this paper to model suitable habitat seamounts. Location Seamounts worldwide. Methods We compiled database containing all accessible Two modelling approaches developed presence‐only were used predict suitability seamount scleractinians: maximum entropy (Maxent) environmental niche factor analysis (ENFA). generated habitat‐suitability maps cross‐validation process threshold‐independent metric evaluate performance models. Results Both models performed well cross‐validation, although Maxent method consistently outperformed ENFA. Highly was predicted occur at modelled depths North Atlantic, circumglobal strip Southern Hemisphere between 20° 50° S shallower than around 1500 m. Seamount summits regions appeared much less likely provide habitat, except small near‐surface patches. largely reflect current biogeographical knowledge. Environmental variables positively high included aragonite saturation state, oxygen concentration. By contrast, low levels dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrate, phosphate silicate suitability. High correlation among made assessing individual drivers difficult. Main conclusions Our conditions play role determining large‐scale coral distributions seamounts, baseline scenario scale. These results present first‐order hypothesis be tested by further sampling. Given vulnerability cold‐water impacts, predictions crucial tools developing worldwide conservation management strategies ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 5(7), P. 688 - 694

Published: May 4, 2015

Language: Английский

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Nutrient Availability and Metabolism Affect the Stability of Coral–Symbiodiniaceae Symbioses

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 27(8), P. 678 - 689

Published: April 12, 2019

Mass coral bleaching is occurring at an unprecedented rate due to anthropogenic ocean warming, and it represents the greatest threat reef ecosystems globally.Coral predominantly attributed photo-oxidative stress under elevated temperature light, but recent experiments have unveiled nutritional mechanisms that can regulate bleaching.Bleaching may result when coral–Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis shifts from a mutualistic parasitic relationship thermal stress.Nutrient availability, specifically forms ratios of nutrients such as nitrogen phosphorus, mediates algal symbiont parasitism.Stable metabolic compatibility between host ameliorate increase resilience environmental stress. Coral reefs rely upon highly optimized symbiosis, making them sensitive change susceptible stress, yet nutrient availability metabolism underpin stability symbioses. Recent studies link proliferation enrichment bleaching; however, interactions symbiotic are nuanced. Here, we demonstrate how regulated by available their impacts on autotrophic carbon metabolism, rather than growth. By extension, historical conditions mediate host–symbiont tolerance over proximate evolutionary timescales. Renewed investigations into will be required truly elucidate cellular leading bleaching. hotspots biodiversity productivity which provide vital extensive ecosystem services [1.Fisher R. et al.Species richness pursuit convergent global estimates.Curr. Biol. 2015; 25: 500-505Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 2.Crossland C.J. al.Role in production.Coral Reefs. 1991; 10: 55-64Crossref (0) 3.Moberg F. Folke C. Ecological goods ecosystems.Ecol. Econ. 1999; 29: 215-233Crossref (717) Scholar]. However, these values mass events triggered warming [4.Hughes T.P. al.Spatial temporal patterns corals Anthropocene.Science. 2018; 359: 80-83Crossref (25) (see Glossary) response heat light levels, where lose symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) [5.Hoegh-Guldberg O. 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Language: Английский

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