Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity

Nature, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 486(7401), P. 59 - 67

Published: June 1, 2012

Language: Английский

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A distance‐based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits

Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 91(1), P. 299 - 305

Published: Jan. 1, 2010

A new framework for measuring functional diversity (FD) from multiple traits has recently been proposed. This was mostly limited to quantitative without missing values and situations in which there are more species than traits, although the authors had suggested a way extend their other trait types. The main purpose of this note is further develop suggestion. We describe highly flexible distance‐based measure different facets FD multidimensional space any distance or dissimilarity measure, number types (i.e., quantitative, semi‐quantitative, qualitative). approach allows weighting individual traits. also present index, called dispersion (FDis), closely related Rao's quadratic entropy. FDis multivariate analogue weighted mean absolute deviation (MAD), weights relative abundances. For unweighted presence–absence data, can be used formal statistical test differences FD. provide “FD” R language package easily implement our framework.

Language: Английский

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New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide

Australian Journal of Botany, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 61(3), P. 167 - 167

Published: Jan. 1, 2013

Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant traits, trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important questions at a range of scales, giving rise demand standardised ways measure ecologically meaningful traits. This line research been among most fruitful avenues understanding evolutionary patterns processes. It also potential both build predictive set local, regional global relationships between environment quantify wide natural human-driven processes, including changes biodiversity, impacts species invasions, alterations biogeochemical processes vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance these topics dictates urgent need more better data, increases value protocols quantifying variation different species, particular with power predict plant- ecosystem-level can be measured relatively easily. Updated expanded from widely used previous version, this handbook retains focus on clearly presented, applicable, step-by-step recipes, minimum text theory, not only includes updated methods previously covered, but introduces new further balance whole-plant leaf root stem regenerative puts emphasis predicting species’ effects key We hope becomes standard companion local efforts learn about responses respect present, past future.

Language: Английский

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Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta‐analysis

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 182(3), P. 565 - 588

Published: April 16, 2009

Summary Here, we analysed a wide range of literature data on the leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA). In nature, LMA varies more than 100‐fold among species. Part this variation ( c . 35%) can be ascribed to differences between functional groups, with evergreen species having highest LMA, but most is within groups or biomes. When grown in same controlled environment, succulents and woody evergreen, perennial slow‐growing have inherently high LMA. Within studied, high‐LMA show higher tissue densities. However, deciduous result from larger volumes (thickness). Response curves constructed experiments under conditions showed that varied strongly light, temperature submergence, moderately CO 2 concentration nutrient water stress, marginally other conditions. Functional differed plasticity these gradients. The physiological regulation still unclear, consequences suite traits interconnected it are strong. This trait complex an important factor determining fitness their environment affects various ecosystem processes. Contents 565 I. perspective 566 II. field 567 III. Inherent 568 IV. Relation anatomy chemical composition 570 V. Environmental effects 572 VI. Differences space time 577 VII. Molecular physiology 579 VIII. Ecological 580 IX. Conclusions perspectives 582 Acknowledgements References Appendices 587

Language: Английский

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TRY – a global database of plant traits

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. 2905 - 2935

Published: April 26, 2011

Abstract Plant traits – the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants their organs determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes services provide a link from species richness functional diversity. Trait data thus represent raw material for wide range research evolutionary biology, community ecology biogeography. Here we present global database initiative named TRY, which has united plant trait worldwide gained an unprecedented buy‐in data: so far 93 databases have been contributed. The repository currently contains almost three million entries 69 000 out world's 300 species, with focus on 52 groups characterizing vegetative regeneration stages life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment persistence. A first analysis shows that most are approximately log‐normally distributed, widely differing ranges variation across traits. Most is between (interspecific), but significant intraspecific also documented, up 40% overall variation. types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture substantial fraction observed several occurs within PFTs, 75% In context models these would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. improved availability unified expected support paradigm shift trait‐based ecology, offer new opportunities synthetic enable more realistic empirically grounded representation terrestrial Earth system models.

Language: Английский

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Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 106(5), P. 1305 - 1312

Published: Jan. 29, 2009

The linkage between abuse to artisanal cobalt miners—including children—in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and use in advanced batteries has prompted global supply chain reviews, responsible sourcing initiatives, ...From 2000 through 2020, demand for manufacture grew 26-fold. Eighty-two percent this growth occurred China China’s refinery production increased 78-fold. Diminished industrial mine early-to-mid ...

Language: Английский

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The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 104(52), P. 20666 - 20671

Published: Dec. 20, 2007

Land change science has emerged as a fundamental component of global environmental and sustainability research. This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand the dynamics land cover use coupled human–environment system address theory, concepts, models, applications relevant societal problems, including intersection two. The major components advances in are addressed: observation monitoring; understanding system—causes, impacts, consequences; modeling; synthesis issues. six articles special feature introduced situated within these study.

Language: Английский

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A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 28(3), P. 167 - 177

Published: Nov. 8, 2012

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 19 - 26

Published: Sept. 22, 2011

Language: Английский

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TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 119 - 188

Published: Dec. 31, 2019

Abstract Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem properties their benefits detriments people. trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area research spanning from evolutionary biology, community functional ecology, biodiversity conservation, landscape management, restoration, biogeography earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, TRY database plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented coverage under an open access policy is main used by worldwide. Increasingly, also supports new frontiers trait‐based research, including identification gaps subsequent mobilization or measurement data. To support this development, article we evaluate extent compiled analyse emerging patterns representativeness. Best species achieved categorical traits—almost complete ‘plant growth form’. However, most relevant ecology vegetation modelling are characterized continuous intraspecific variation trait–environmental relationships. These have be measured on individual respective environment. Despite coverage, observe humbling lack completeness representativeness these many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing biases remains key challenge requires coordinated approach measurements. This can only collaboration with initiatives.

Language: Английский

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