Science,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
350(6261)
Published: Nov. 5, 2015
A
focus
on
the
phenotypic
characteristics
of
microorganisms-their
traits-offers
a
path
for
interpreting
growing
amount
microbiome
data.
We
review
key
aspects
microbial
traits,
as
well
approaches
used
to
assay
their
phylogenetic
distribution.
Recent
studies
reveal
that
traits
are
differentially
conserved
across
tree
life
and
appear
be
in
hierarchical
fashion,
possibly
linked
biochemical
complexity.
These
results
suggest
predictive
framework
whereby
genetic
(or
taxonomic)
resolution
variation
among
samples
provides
information
about
under
selection.
The
organizational
parallels
seen
human
free-living
microbiomes
seem
support
this
idea.
Developments
may
offer
predictions
not
only
how
composition
responds
changing
environmental
conditions,
but
also
these
changes
alter
health
or
functioning
human,
engineered,
systems.
Ecology,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
91(1), P. 299 - 305
Published: Jan. 1, 2010
A
new
framework
for
measuring
functional
diversity
(FD)
from
multiple
traits
has
recently
been
proposed.
This
was
mostly
limited
to
quantitative
without
missing
values
and
situations
in
which
there
are
more
species
than
traits,
although
the
authors
had
suggested
a
way
extend
their
other
trait
types.
The
main
purpose
of
this
note
is
further
develop
suggestion.
We
describe
highly
flexible
distance‐based
measure
different
facets
FD
multidimensional
space
any
distance
or
dissimilarity
measure,
number
types
(i.e.,
quantitative,
semi‐quantitative,
qualitative).
approach
allows
weighting
individual
traits.
also
present
index,
called
dispersion
(FDis),
closely
related
Rao's
quadratic
entropy.
FDis
multivariate
analogue
weighted
mean
absolute
deviation
(MAD),
weights
relative
abundances.
For
unweighted
presence–absence
data,
can
be
used
formal
statistical
test
differences
FD.
provide
“FD”
R
language
package
easily
implement
our
framework.
Australian Journal of Botany,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
61(3), P. 167 - 167
Published: Jan. 1, 2013
Plant
functional
traits
are
the
features
(morphological,
physiological,
phenological)
that
represent
ecological
strategies
and
determine
how
plants
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels
influence
ecosystem
properties.
Variation
in
plant
traits,
trait
syndromes,
has
proven
useful
for
tackling
many
important
questions
at
a
range
of
scales,
giving
rise
demand
standardised
ways
measure
ecologically
meaningful
traits.
This
line
research
been
among
most
fruitful
avenues
understanding
evolutionary
patterns
processes.
It
also
potential
both
build
predictive
set
local,
regional
global
relationships
between
environment
quantify
wide
natural
human-driven
processes,
including
changes
biodiversity,
impacts
species
invasions,
alterations
biogeochemical
processes
vegetation–atmosphere
interactions.
The
importance
these
topics
dictates
urgent
need
more
better
data,
increases
value
protocols
quantifying
variation
different
species,
particular
with
power
predict
plant-
ecosystem-level
can
be
measured
relatively
easily.
Updated
expanded
from
widely
used
previous
version,
this
handbook
retains
focus
on
clearly
presented,
applicable,
step-by-step
recipes,
minimum
text
theory,
not
only
includes
updated
methods
previously
covered,
but
introduces
new
further
balance
whole-plant
leaf
root
stem
regenerative
puts
emphasis
predicting
species’
effects
key
We
hope
becomes
standard
companion
local
efforts
learn
about
responses
respect
present,
past
future.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
182(3), P. 565 - 588
Published: April 16, 2009
Summary
Here,
we
analysed
a
wide
range
of
literature
data
on
the
leaf
dry
mass
per
unit
area
(LMA).
In
nature,
LMA
varies
more
than
100‐fold
among
species.
Part
this
variation
(
c
.
35%)
can
be
ascribed
to
differences
between
functional
groups,
with
evergreen
species
having
highest
LMA,
but
most
is
within
groups
or
biomes.
When
grown
in
same
controlled
environment,
succulents
and
woody
evergreen,
perennial
slow‐growing
have
inherently
high
LMA.
Within
studied,
high‐LMA
show
higher
tissue
densities.
However,
deciduous
result
from
larger
volumes
(thickness).
Response
curves
constructed
experiments
under
conditions
showed
that
varied
strongly
light,
temperature
submergence,
moderately
CO
2
concentration
nutrient
water
stress,
marginally
other
conditions.
Functional
differed
plasticity
these
gradients.
The
physiological
regulation
still
unclear,
consequences
suite
traits
interconnected
it
are
strong.
This
trait
complex
an
important
factor
determining
fitness
their
environment
affects
various
ecosystem
processes.
Contents
565
I.
perspective
566
II.
field
567
III.
Inherent
568
IV.
Relation
anatomy
chemical
composition
570
V.
Environmental
effects
572
VI.
Differences
space
time
577
VII.
Molecular
physiology
579
VIII.
Ecological
580
IX.
Conclusions
perspectives
582
Acknowledgements
References
Appendices
587
Global Change Biology,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
17(9), P. 2905 - 2935
Published: April 26, 2011
Abstract
Plant
traits
–
the
morphological,
anatomical,
physiological,
biochemical
and
phenological
characteristics
of
plants
their
organs
determine
how
primary
producers
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels,
influence
ecosystem
processes
services
provide
a
link
from
species
richness
functional
diversity.
Trait
data
thus
represent
raw
material
for
wide
range
research
evolutionary
biology,
community
ecology
biogeography.
Here
we
present
global
database
initiative
named
TRY,
which
has
united
plant
trait
worldwide
gained
an
unprecedented
buy‐in
data:
so
far
93
databases
have
been
contributed.
The
repository
currently
contains
almost
three
million
entries
69
000
out
world's
300
species,
with
focus
on
52
groups
characterizing
vegetative
regeneration
stages
life
cycle,
including
growth,
dispersal,
establishment
persistence.
A
first
analysis
shows
that
most
are
approximately
log‐normally
distributed,
widely
differing
ranges
variation
across
traits.
Most
is
between
(interspecific),
but
significant
intraspecific
also
documented,
up
40%
overall
variation.
types
(PFTs),
as
commonly
used
in
vegetation
models,
capture
substantial
fraction
observed
several
occurs
within
PFTs,
75%
In
context
models
these
would
better
be
represented
by
state
variables
rather
than
fixed
parameter
values.
improved
availability
unified
expected
support
paradigm
shift
trait‐based
ecology,
offer
new
opportunities
synthetic
enable
more
realistic
empirically
grounded
representation
terrestrial
Earth
system
models.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
106(5), P. 1305 - 1312
Published: Jan. 29, 2009
The
linkage
between
abuse
to
artisanal
cobalt
miners—including
children—in
the
Democratic
Republic
of
Congo
(DRC)
and
use
in
advanced
batteries
has
prompted
global
supply
chain
reviews,
responsible
sourcing
initiatives,
...From
2000
through
2020,
demand
for
manufacture
grew
26-fold.
Eighty-two
percent
this
growth
occurred
China
China’s
refinery
production
increased
78-fold.
Diminished
industrial
mine
early-to-mid
...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2007,
Volume and Issue:
104(52), P. 20666 - 20671
Published: Dec. 20, 2007
Land
change
science
has
emerged
as
a
fundamental
component
of
global
environmental
and
sustainability
research.
This
interdisciplinary
field
seeks
to
understand
the
dynamics
land
cover
use
coupled
human–environment
system
address
theory,
concepts,
models,
applications
relevant
societal
problems,
including
intersection
two.
The
major
components
advances
in
are
addressed:
observation
monitoring;
understanding
system—causes,
impacts,
consequences;
modeling;
synthesis
issues.
six
articles
special
feature
introduced
situated
within
these
study.
Global Change Biology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
26(1), P. 119 - 188
Published: Dec. 31, 2019
Abstract
Plant
traits—the
morphological,
anatomical,
physiological,
biochemical
and
phenological
characteristics
of
plants—determine
how
plants
respond
to
environmental
factors,
affect
other
trophic
levels,
influence
ecosystem
properties
their
benefits
detriments
people.
trait
data
thus
represent
the
basis
for
a
vast
area
research
spanning
from
evolutionary
biology,
community
functional
ecology,
biodiversity
conservation,
landscape
management,
restoration,
biogeography
earth
system
modelling.
Since
its
foundation
in
2007,
TRY
database
plant
traits
has
grown
continuously.
It
now
provides
unprecedented
coverage
under
an
open
access
policy
is
main
used
by
worldwide.
Increasingly,
also
supports
new
frontiers
trait‐based
research,
including
identification
gaps
subsequent
mobilization
or
measurement
data.
To
support
this
development,
article
we
evaluate
extent
compiled
analyse
emerging
patterns
representativeness.
Best
species
achieved
categorical
traits—almost
complete
‘plant
growth
form’.
However,
most
relevant
ecology
vegetation
modelling
are
characterized
continuous
intraspecific
variation
trait–environmental
relationships.
These
have
be
measured
on
individual
respective
environment.
Despite
coverage,
observe
humbling
lack
completeness
representativeness
these
many
aspects.
We,
therefore,
conclude
that
reducing
biases
remains
key
challenge
requires
coordinated
approach
measurements.
This
can
only
collaboration
with
initiatives.