Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation

Epilepsia, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(4), P. 739 - 768

Published: Feb. 7, 2022

Light flashes, patterns, or color changes can provoke seizures in up to 1 4000 persons. Prevalence may be higher because of selection bias. The Epilepsy Foundation reviewed light-induced 2005. Since then, images on social media, virtual reality, three-dimensional (3D) movies, and the Internet have proliferated. Hundreds studies explored mechanisms presentations photosensitive seizures, justifying an updated review. This literature summary derives from a nonsystematic review via PubMed using terms "photosensitive" "epilepsy." photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is electroencephalography (EEG) phenomenon, (PS) are provoked by visual stimulation. Photosensitivity more common young specific forms generalized epilepsy. PS coexist with spontaneous seizures. hereditable linked recently identified genes. Brain imaging usually normal, but special white matter tracts demonstrate abnormal connectivity. Occipital cortex connected regions hyperexcitable subjects light-provoked Mechanisms remain unclear. Video games, media clips, occasional natural stimuli PS. Virtual reality 3D so far appear benign unless they contain provocative content, for example, flashes. Images flashes brighter than 20 candelas/m2 at 3-60 (particularly 15-20) Hz occupying least 10 25% field risk, as red oscillating stripes. Equipment assay these characteristics probably underutilized. Prevention includes avoiding stimuli, covering one eye, wearing dark glasses, sitting two meters screens, reducing contrast, taking certain antiseizure drugs. Measurement PPR suppression photosensitivity model screen putative Some countries regulate reduce risk. Visually-induced significant public health hazards warrant ongoing scientific regulatory efforts education.

Language: Английский

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Neuron–glia interaction in the Drosophila nervous system

Developmental Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 81(5), P. 438 - 452

Published: Feb. 25, 2020

Abstract Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need be detected, information must processed, and, finally, an output decision transmitted the musculature get animal moving. All these processes depend on nervous system which comprises intricate neuronal network many glial cells. Glial cells have equally important contribution function as their counterpart. Manifold roles attributed glia ranging from controlling cell number axonal pathfinding regulation of synapse formation, function, plasticity. metabolically support neurons contribute blood–brain barrier. aforementioned aspects require extensive cell–cell interactions between Not surprisingly, found all phyla executed by evolutionarily conserved molecules. Here, we review recent advance understanding neuron–glia interaction Drosophila melanogaster suggest that work simple model organisms will shed light mammalian cells, too.

Language: Английский

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Ceramide phosphoethanolamine, an enigmatic cellular membrane sphingolipid

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1861(7), P. 1284 - 1292

Published: May 6, 2019

Language: Английский

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Formation of tubules and helical ribbons by ceramide phosphoethanolamine-containing membranes

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 9, 2019

Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), a major sphingolipid in invertebrates, is crucial for axonal ensheathment Drosophila. Darkfield microscopy revealed that an equimolar mixture of bovine buttermilk CPE (milk CPE) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (diC18:1 PC) tends to form tubules helical ribbons, while pure milk mainly exhibits amorphous aggregates and, at low frequency, straight needles. Negative staining electron indicated helices were composed multilayered 5-10 nm thick slab-like structures. Using different molecular species PC CPE, we demonstrated the acyl chain length but not formation mixtures. Incubation lipid suspensions respective phase transition temperature facilitated both helices, suggesting dynamic rearrangement during formation. Substituting diC18:1 with PE or PS failed helices. As hydrated galactosylceramide (GalCer), mammalian myelin, has been reported spontaneously it believed axons mammals Drosophila based on similar physical processes lipids.

Language: Английский

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Glial glucose fuels the neuronal pentose phosphate pathway for long-term memory

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(8), P. 109620 - 109620

Published: Aug. 1, 2021

Brain function relies almost solely on glucose as an energy substrate. The main model of brain metabolism proposes that is taken up and converted into lactate by astrocytes to fuel the energy-demanding neuronal activity underlying plasticity memory. Whether direct uptake required for memory formation remains elusive. We uncover, in Drosophila, a mechanism shuttling neurons from cortex glia, exclusively perisomatic glial subtype, upon olfactory long-term (LTM). In vivo imaging reveals that, downstream cholinergic activation autocrine insulin signaling increases concentration glia. Glucose then transferred glia somata center pentose phosphate pathway allow LTM formation. contrast, our results indicate increase metabolism, although crucial formation, not routed glycolysis.

Language: Английский

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Drosophila melanogaster as a versatile model organism to study genetic epilepsies: An overview

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Feb. 16, 2023

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, affecting more than 45 million people worldwide. Recent advances in genetic techniques, such as next-generation sequencing, have driven discovery and increased our understanding molecular cellular mechanisms behind many epilepsy syndromes. These insights prompt development personalized therapies tailored to characteristics an individual patient. However, surging number novel variants renders interpretation pathogenetic consequences potential therapeutic implications ever challenging. Model organisms can help explore these aspects vivo . In last decades, rodent models significantly contributed epilepsies but their establishment laborious, expensive, time-consuming. Additional model investigate disease on a large scale would be desirable. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used organism research since “bang-sensitive” mutants half century ago. flies respond mechanical stimulation, brief vortex, with stereotypic seizures paralysis. Furthermore, identification seizure-suppressor mutations allows pinpoint targets. Gene editing CRISPR/Cas9, are convenient way generate carrying disease-associated variants. screened for phenotypic behavioral abnormalities, shifting seizure thresholds, response anti-seizure medications other substances. Moreover, modification neuronal activity induction achieved using optogenetic tools. combination calcium fluorescent imaging, functional alterations caused by genes traced. Here, we review versatile study epilepsies, especially 81% human orthologous gene discuss newly established analysis techniques that might further unravel pathophysiological epilepsies.

Language: Английский

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Glial control of sphingolipid levels sculpts diurnal remodeling in a circadian circuit

Neuron, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 110(19), P. 3186 - 3205.e7

Published: Aug. 11, 2022

Language: Английский

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Sphingolipid biosynthesis is essential for metabolic rewiring during T _H 17 cell differentiation

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(17)

Published: April 24, 2024

T helper 17 (T

Language: Английский

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Drosophila glia take shape to sculpt the nervous system

Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 79, P. 102689 - 102689

Published: Feb. 22, 2023

Language: Английский

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Lipid Polarization during Cytokinesis

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(24), P. 3977 - 3977

Published: Dec. 8, 2022

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is composed a large number lipid species that are laterally segregated into functional domains as well asymmetrically distributed between the outer and inner leaflets. Additionally, spatial distribution organization these lipids dramatically change in response to various cellular states, such cell division, differentiation, apoptosis. Division one two daughter most fundamental requirements for sustenance growth all living organisms. successful completion cytokinesis, final stage critically dependent on specific lipids. In this review, we discuss properties associated with cytokinesis mechanisms involved their polarization, including forward trafficking, endocytic recycling, local synthesis, cortical flow models. differences mitotic vs. male meiotic will be discussed. We concentrate sphingolipids phosphatidylinositols because transbilayer movement may linked via cytoskeleton thus regulate steps cytokinesis.

Language: Английский

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