How adverse childhood experiences get under the skin: A systematic review, integration and methodological discussion on threat and reward learning mechanisms DOI Open Access
Julia Ruge, Mana R. Ehlers, Alexandros Kastrinogiannis

et al.

Published: May 17, 2023

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major risk factor for the development of multiple psychopathological conditions, but mechanisms underlying this link poorly understood. Associative learning encompasses key through which individuals learn to important environmental inputs emotional and behavioral responses. ACEs may impact normative maturation associative processes, resulting in their enduring maladaptive expression manifesting psychopathology. In review, we lay out systematic methodological overview integration available evidence proposed association between threat reward processes. We summarize results from literature search (following PRISMA guidelines) yielded total 81 articles (threat: n=38, reward: n=43). Across fields, behaviorally, observed converging pattern aberrant with history ACEs, independent other sample characteristics, specific ACE types, outcome measures. Specifically, blunted was reflected reduced discrimination safety cues, primarily driven by diminished responding conditioned cues. Furthermore, attenuated manifested accuracy rate tasks involving acquisition contingencies. Importantly, emerged despite substantial heterogeneity assessment operationalization across both fields. conclude that represent mechanistic route become physiologically neurobiologically embedded ultimately confer greater closing, discuss future directions research field, including considerations.

Language: Английский

Developmental changes in exploration resemble stochastic optimization DOI Creative Commons

Anna P. Giron,

Simon Ciranka, Eric Schulz

et al.

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 7(11), P. 1955 - 1967

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

Human development is often described as a 'cooling off' process, analogous to stochastic optimization algorithms that implement gradual reduction in randomness over time. Yet there ambiguity how interpret this analogy, due lack of concrete empirical comparisons. Using data from n = 281 participants ages 5 55, we show cooling off does not only apply the single dimension randomness. Rather, human resembles an process multiple learning parameters, for example, reward generalization, uncertainty-directed exploration and random temperature. Rapid changes parameters occur during childhood, but these plateau converge efficient values adulthood. We while developmental trajectory strikingly similar several algorithms, are important differences convergence. None tested were able discover reliably better regions strategy space than adult on task.

Language: Английский

Citations

42
Childhood unpredictability and the development of exploration DOI Creative Commons
Yuyan Xu, Madeline B. Harms, C. Shawn Green

et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(49)

Published: Nov. 27, 2023

Early in development, the process of exploration helps children gather new information that fosters learning about world. Yet, it is unclear how childhood experiences may influence way humans approach learning. What influences decisions to exploit known, familiar options versus trying a novel alternative? We found unpredictability, characterized by unpredictable caregiving and unstable living environments, was associated with reduced exploratory behavior. This effect holds while controlling for individual differences, including anxiety stress. Individuals who perceived their childhoods as explored less were instead more likely repeat previous choices (habitual responding). They also sensitive uncertainty than potential rewards, even when yielded lower rewards. examined these effects across multiple task contexts via both in-person (N = 78) online replication 84) studies among 10- 13-y-olds. Results are discussed terms cascading environments on development decision-making early experience subsequent

Language: Английский

Citations

24
How adverse childhood experiences get under the skin: A systematic review, integration and methodological discussion on threat and reward learning mechanisms DOI Creative Commons
Julia Ruge, Mana R. Ehlers, Alexandros Kastrinogiannis

et al.

eLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: July 16, 2024

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major risk factor for the development of multiple psychopathological conditions, but mechanisms underlying this link poorly understood. Associative learning encompasses key through which individuals learn to important environmental inputs emotional and behavioral responses. ACEs may impact normative maturation associative processes, resulting in their enduring maladaptive expression manifesting psychopathology. In review, we lay out systematic methodological overview integration available evidence proposed association between threat reward processes. We summarize results from literature search (following PRISMA guidelines) yielded total 81 articles (threat: n=38, reward: n=43). Across fields, behaviorally, observed converging pattern aberrant with history ACEs, independent other sample characteristics, specific ACE types, outcome measures. Specifically, blunted was reflected reduced discrimination safety cues, primarily driven by diminished responding conditioned cues. Furthermore, attenuated manifested accuracy rate tasks involving acquisition contingencies. Importantly, emerged despite substantial heterogeneity assessment operationalization across both fields. conclude that represent mechanistic route become physiologically neurobiologically embedded ultimately confer greater closing, discuss potentially fruitful future directions research field, including considerations.

Language: Английский

Citations

10
Stochastic decisions support optimal foraging of volatile environments, and are disrupted by anxiety DOI Creative Commons
Alex Lloyd, Ryan McKay, Nicholas Furl

et al.

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Abstract Adolescence is a developmental period of relative volatility, where the individual experiences significant changes to their physical and social environment. The ability adapt volatility one’s surroundings an important cognitive ability, particularly while foraging, near-ubiquitous behaviour across animal kingdom. As adolescents experience more in surroundings, we predicted that this age group would be adept than adults at using exploration adjust volatility. We employed foraging task with well-validated computational model characterise mechanisms volatile environments, preregistering hypothesis (aged 16–17; N = 91) exhibit optimal adaptation learning rate environmental compared 24+; 90). However, surprisingly, both exhibited suboptimal adjustment In contrast rate, it was instead participants’ stochasticity (i.e., decision variability) better resembled made by RL agent. Although heightened environment led participants often trial different responses facilitated discovery environment, also found anxiety impaired adaptive ability. finding environments contradicts expectations responsible for successful motivates future work on deleterious role plays when manage periods transition.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Early environmental influences on the orbito-frontal cortex function and its effects on behavior DOI Creative Commons

Olivia Ruge,

João Paulo Maires Hoppe, Roberta Dalle Molle

et al.

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 106013 - 106013

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Early-life adversity during pre- and early post-natal phases can impact brain development lead to maladaptive changes in executive behaviors. This increases the risk for a range of psychopathologies physical diseases. Importantly, exposure adversities these periods is also linked alterations orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) which key player functions. The OFC thus appears be central node this association between life stress disease risk. Gaining clear, detailed understanding stress, function, behaviors, as well underlying mechanisms mediating relevant inform potential therapeutic interventions. In paper, we begin by reviewing evidence linking 1) behaviors regulated 2) anatomy function. We then present insights into changes, stemming from models, highlight important future directions line research.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Meta‐Analysis Reveals That Explore–Exploit Decisions Are Dissociable by Activation in the Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Insula, and Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex DOI
Daniel Sazhin,

Abraham Dachs,

David V. Smith

et al.

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 61(6)

Published: March 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Explore–exploit research faces challenges in generalizability due to a limited theoretical basis for exploration and exploitation. Neuroimaging can help identify whether explore–exploit decisions involve an opponent processing system address this issue. Thus, we conducted coordinate‐based meta‐analysis ( N = 23 studies) finding activation the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, cingulate cortex during versus exploitation, which provides some evidence processing. However, conjunction of was associated with medial suggesting that these brain regions do not engage Furthermore, exploratory analyses revealed heterogeneity responses between task types exploitation respectively. Coupled results is generally more similar than it different suggests there remain significant characterizing decision‐making. Nonetheless, differentiate explore exploit decisions, identifying aid targeted interventions aimed at manipulating decisions.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Reviewing explore/exploit decision-making as a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety DOI Creative Commons
Alex Lloyd, Jonathan P. Roiser, Sarah Skeen

et al.

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 793 - 815

Published: April 23, 2024

In many everyday decisions, individuals choose between trialling something novel or they know well. Deciding when to try a new option stick with an that is already known you, as the "explore/exploit" dilemma, important feature of cognition characterises range decision-making contexts encountered by humans. Recent evidence has suggested preferences in explore/exploit biases are associated psychopathology, although this typically been examined within individual disorders. The current review whether represents promising transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety. A systematic search academic databases was conducted, yielding total 29 studies. Studies examining psychosis were mostly consistent showing explored more compared without psychosis. literature on anxiety depression heterogenous; some studies found exploration, whereas other demonstrated reduced exploration depression. However, subset employed case-control methods, there both also increased exploration. Due heterogeneity across literature, we suggest insufficient conclude alongside our advisory groups lived experience advisors, context candidate merits further investigation using well-powered, longitudinal designs. Such work should examine choices amenable intervention.

Language: Английский

Citations

8
The Hidden Talents Framework DOI Open Access
Bruce J. Ellis, Laura S. Abrams, Ann S. Masten

et al.

Published: March 24, 2023

Although early-life adversity can undermine healthy development, an evolutionary-developmental perspective implies that children growing up in harsh environments will develop intact, or even enhanced, skills for solving problems high‐adversity contexts (i.e., 'hidden talents'). This Element situates the hidden talents model within a larger interdisciplinary framework. Summarizing theory and research on talents, it proposes stress-adapted represent form of adaptive intelligence enabling individuals to function constraints environments. It discusses potential applications this multiple sectors concerned with youth from environments, including education, social services, juvenile justice, compares contemporary developmental resilience models. The approach, concludes, offers exciting directions childhood adversity, translational implications leveraging more effectively tailor jobs, interventions fit needs diverse range life circumstances.

Language: Английский

Citations

15
Understanding patch foraging strategies across development DOI Creative Commons
Alex Lloyd, Essi Viding, Ryan McKay

et al.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(11), P. 1085 - 1098

Published: July 25, 2023

Patch foraging is a near-ubiquitous behaviour across the animal kingdom and characterises many decision-making domains encountered by humans. We review how disposition to explore in adolescence may reflect evolutionary conditions under which hunter-gatherers foraged for resources. propose that neurocomputational mechanisms responsible reward processing, learning, cognitive control facilitate transition from exploratory strategies exploitative adulthood - where individuals capitalise on known This developmental be disrupted psychopathology, as there emerging evidence of biases explore/exploit choices mental health problems. Explore/exploit an informative marker development future research should consider this feature target clinical intervention.

Language: Английский

Citations

14
The structure and development of explore-exploit decision making DOI Creative Commons
Madeline B. Harms, Yuyan Xu, C. Shawn Green

et al.

Cognitive Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 150, P. 101650 - 101650

Published: March 11, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

5