Etiopathology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fungal Keratitis

ACS Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 2356 - 2380

Published: June 7, 2024

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe ocular condition resulting from corneal infection that prevalent in tropical countries, particularly developing regions of Asia and Africa. Factors like lens misuse, inappropriate steroid use, diagnostic challenges have provoked the epidemic. FK causes significant vision impairment, scarring, deformities. Accurate pathological diagnosis crucial for effective therapeutic intervention. Topical antifungal therapy with surface healing medications proves preventing fungal-borne ulcers. Managing requires comprehensive understanding fungal pathogenesis, guiding formulation strategies preventive measures to curb global blindness. This review provides in-depth insights into FK, covering etiology, epidemiology, interventions, resistance, limitations, prevention, future perspectives on disease management.

Language: Английский

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Mucoadhesive Micellar Eyedrops for the Treatment of Ocular Inflammation

Acta Biomaterialia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 1, 2025

Efficient ocular drug delivery remains a significant challenge in treating eye inflammation due to physiological barriers such as the tear film and frequent blinking, which lead rapid clearance. Commercial eyedrops, like Oceanside® (0.5% loteprednol etabonate (LE) ophthalmic suspension), suffer from low bioavailability require dosing maintain therapeutic levels. To address these limitations, we developed mucoadhesive micellar system enhance retention of LE on cornea. Our employed polymeric micelles (MCs) functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA), exhibited high conjugation efficiency (>67%) enable strong binding mucin-rich corneal layer. These MCs were synthesized using PBA-functionalized poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-oligolactate) (PBA-PEG-b-p(HPMA-Lacm)) subsequently dispersed into shear-thinning matrix solution form eyedrop formulation. The resulting PBA-MC-LE demonstrated sustained release over 12 days, enabling prolonged exposure. In vitro, ex vivo, vivo studies confirmed enhanced mucoadhesion extended retention. formulation was biocompatible human epithelial cells safety mice. murine model electrocautery-induced inflammation, once-daily administration LE-loaded PBA-MC eyedrops significantly reduced opacity, preserved structure, lowered immune cell infiltration cytokine Notably, efficacy matched that commercial Oceanside®, required four daily doses. findings suggest engineered could serve promising platform for delivery, addressing challenges associated effectively. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mucoadhesive nanoparticles used often attachment efficiency, limiting their effectiveness. Additionally, lack comparisons drops hinders evaluating clinical benefits. issues, (PBA)-functionalized by increasing its mucin showed PBA (>67%), 12-day LE, adhesion, vitro biocompatibility. mouse (Oceanside®, 0.5%), is dosed times daily, reducing preserving decreasing inflammation.

Language: Английский

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Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gatifloxacin and Dexamethasone in Rabbit Ocular Biofluid Using a Sensitive and Selective LC–MS/MS Method

Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 59(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT Bacterial keratitis (BK) is an infection that causes inflammation of the cornea and, if severe, can result in blindness. Topical fluoroquinolones combined with corticosteroids have been shown to be useful treatment BK. A rapid, selective, and sensitive bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification Gatifloxacin (GAT) Dexamethasone (DEX) has developed validated using tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Optimal separation was accomplished under 5 min Agilent Zorbax C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm). The mobile phase composed a blend 0.2% formic acid triple distilled water methanol flow rate 0.65 mL/min isocratic mode. GAT DEX were detected positive electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), retention time found at 1.64 2.93 min, respectively. linearity range 1.56–400 ng mL −1 good precision accuracy. according USFDA regulatory guidelines. effectively utilized preclinical pharmacokinetic analysis rabbit tear fluid following topical application commercial formulation.

Language: Английский

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Denaturants and Solutol® HS15 in ophthalmic formulations: Insights into their combined effects

Journal of Molecular Liquids, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 126289 - 126289

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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