Legionnaires’ Disease: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment

Infectious Diseases and Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 973 - 986

Published: May 3, 2022

Legionellosis is the infection caused by bacteria of genus Legionella, including a non-pneumonic influenza-like syndrome, and Legionnaires' disease more serious illness characterized pneumonia. becoming increasingly important as public health problem throughout world; although it an underreported disease, studies have consistently documented high incidence. In addition, costs associated with are high. Diagnosis based mainly on detection Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. However, there been advances tests for patients legionellosis. New methodologies show greater sensitivity specificity, detect species serogroups spp., potential use epidemiological studies. Testing spp. recommended at hospital admission severe community-acquired pneumonia, antibiotics directed against should be included early empirical therapy. Inadequate or delayed antibiotic treatment pneumonia has worse prognosis. Either fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin moxifloxacin) macrolide (azithromycin preferred) first-line therapy disease; however, little information available regarding adverse events complications, about duration its association clinical outcomes. Most published evaluating observational consequently susceptible to bias confounding. Well-designed needed assess usefulness diagnostic outcomes, well randomized trials comparing fluoroquinolones macrolides combination that evaluate outcomes events.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Methods for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection and Recent Advances in Wastewater Analysis

Water, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(24), P. 3551 - 3551

Published: Dec. 12, 2021

With increasing concerns about public health and the development of molecular techniques, new detection tools combination existing approaches have increased abilities pathogenic bacteria monitoring by exploring biomarkers, sensitivity accuracy detection, quantification, analyzing various genes such as functional antimicrobial resistance (ARG). Molecular methods are gradually emerging most popular approach for pathogens, in addition to conventional culture-based plate enumeration methods. The analysis pathogens wastewater back-estimation infections community, also known wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is an methodology has a great potential supplement current surveillance systems infectious diseases early warning outbreaks. However, complex matrix, largely challenges analytical performance This review synthesized literature typical wastewater, types bacterial analysis, their recent advances analysis. advantages limitation these were evaluated, prospects WBE discussed provide insight future development.

Language: Английский

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Severe Legionnaires’ disease

Annals of Intensive Care, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 2, 2024

Abstract Background Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a common but under-diagnosed cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although rapid detection urine antigen testing (UAT) and advances in molecular have improved the diagnosis. LD entails intensive care unit (ICU) admission almost one-third cases, mortality rate ranges from 4% to 40%. This review aims discuss recent study this condition provide an update on diagnosis, pathogenesis management severe LD. Results The overall incidence has increased worldwide years due higher number patients with risk factors, especially immunosuppression, improvements diagnostic methods. Although responsible for only around 5% all-cause CAP, it one three most causes CAP requiring ICU admission. Mortality patients, immunocompromised or nosocomial source can reach 40% despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Regarding pathogenesis, no Legionella -specific virulence factors been associated severity; however, reports found high pulmonary DNA loads, impairments immune response lung microbiome cases. clinical picture includes injury respiratory and/or hemodynamic support, extrapulmonary symptoms non-specific laboratory findings. methods broad use UAT development allowing all Lp serogroups. Therapy currently based macrolides, quinolones, combination two, prolonged treatment Conclusions Numerous influence LD, such as admission, underlying status, infection. host (hyperinflammation immunoparalysis) may also be severity. Given that rising, studies specific biomarkers severity great interest. Further assessments comparing different regimens evaluating host-directed therapies are nowadays needed. Graphical

Language: Английский

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Amoebae as training grounds for microbial pathogens

mBio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(8)

Published: July 8, 2024

Grazing of amoebae on microorganisms represents one the oldest predator-prey dynamic relationships in nature. It a genetic "melting pot" for an ancient and continuous multi-directional inter- intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer between its preys, intracellular microbial residents, endosymbionts, giant viruses, which has shaped evolution, selection, adaptation microbes that evade degradation by predatory amoeba. Unicellular phagocytic are thought to be ancestors macrophages with highly conserved eukaryotic processes. Selection evolution within amoeba through their target processes have facilitated expansion host range mammals, causing various infectious diseases.

Language: Английский

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Comprehensive understanding the impacts of dietary exposure to polyethylene microplastics on genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): tracking from growth, microbiota, metabolism to gene expressions

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 841, P. 156571 - 156571

Published: June 7, 2022

Language: Английский

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Legionellosis risk—an overview of Legionella spp. habitats in Europe

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(51), P. 76532 - 76542

Published: Sept. 26, 2022

Abstract An increase in the number of reports legionellosis European Union and Economic Area have been recorded recent years. The cases is significant: from 6947 2015 to 11,298 2019. This alarming as genus Legionella , which comprises a large group bacteria inhabiting various aquatic systems, poses serious threat human health life, since more than 20 species can cause legionellosis, with L. pneumophila being responsible for majority cases. ability colonize diverse ecosystems makes eradication these microorganisms difficult. A detailed understanding habitat may be helpful effective control this pathogen. paper provides an overview environments Europe: natural (lakes, groundwater, rivers, compost, soil) anthropogenic (fountains, air humidifiers, water supply systems), role spp. nosocomial infections, are potentially fatal children, elderly immunocompromised patients. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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Surface acoustic wave-based lab-on-a-chip for the fast detection of Legionella pneumophila in water

Sensors and Actuators B Chemical, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379, P. 133299 - 133299

Published: Jan. 3, 2023

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) -based immuno-biosensors are used for several applications, thanks to their versatility and faster response than conventional analytical methods. SAW can be usefully applied promptly detect bacteria prevent bacterial infections that lead severe diseases. Here, we present a immuno-biosensor Legionella pneumophila in water. Our device, working at ultra-high frequency (740 MHz), is functionalized with an anti-L. antibody maximize the specificity. We report characteristic curve of sensor, calculated measuring samples known densities, its related parameters. also measure L. contaminated different Gram-positive Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecium) diluted mains waters. The proposed device able range from 1·106 1·108 CFU/mL, limit blank 1.22·106 CFU/mL detection 2.01·106 CFU/mL. nonspecific signal due contaminant very limited measurements not affected by contamination. obtain good water, representing realistic matrix pneumophila. results encouraging pave way use fast, easy-to-use, reliable precise sensors human activities.

Language: Английский

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Legionella pneumophila: The Journey from the Environment to the Blood

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(20), P. 6126 - 6126

Published: Oct. 18, 2022

An outbreak of a potentially fatal form pneumonia in 1976 and the annual convention American Legion was first time that Legionella spp. identified. Thereafter, term Legionnaires' disease (LD) established. The infection humans is transmitted by inhalation aerosols contain microorganisms belong to Legionellaceae family genus Legionella. contains genetically heterogeneous species serogroups. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) most often detected strain outbreaks LD. pathogenesis LD initiates with attachment bacterial cells host cells, subsequent intracellular replication. Following invasion, activates its virulence mechanisms: generation specific compartments Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), expression genes encode type IV secretion system (T4SS) for translocation proteins. ability L. transmigrate across lung's epithelium barrier leads bacteremia, spread, invasion many organs manifestations, complications, septic shock. clinical manifestations depend on load aerosol, factors, immune status patient. has two distinct forms: non- pneumatic or Pontiac fever, which milder febrile flu-like illness, LD, more severe form, includes pneumonia. In addition, extrapulmonary involvement can include heart, brain, abdomen, joints.

Language: Английский

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Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Pneumonia

Diagnostics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 280 - 280

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Legionella pneumonia is a relatively rare but extremely progressive pulmonary infection with high mortality. Traditional cultural isolation remains the gold standard for diagnosis of pneumonia. However, its harsh culture conditions, long turnaround time, and suboptimal sensitivity do not meet clinical need rapid accurate diagnosis, especially critically ill patients. So far, pathogenic detection techniques including serological assays, urinary antigen tests, mass spectrometry, as well nucleic acid amplification technique, have been developed, each has own advantages limitations. This review summarizes characteristics imaging findings pneumonia, then discusses advances, advantages, limitations various pathogenetic used diagnosis. The aim to provide guiding options early identification in practice, further easing healthcare burden.

Language: Английский

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Genomic characterization and assessment of pathogenic potential of Legionella spp. isolates from environmental monitoring

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Several species in the genus Legionella are known to cause an acute pneumonia when aerosols containing bacteria from man-made water systems inhaled. The disease is usually caused by pneumophila, but other have been implicated infection. frequently manifested as outbreak, which means several people affected exposed common source of contamination. Therefor environmental surveillance includes isolation and identification performed routinely. However, no molecular or genome-based methods employed further characterization isolates during routine monitoring. During years such monitoring, different geographical locations were collected 39 them sequenced hybrid de novo approach utilizing short long sequencing reads. In addition, typed standard culture MALDI-TOF method. reads assembled annotated produce high-quality genomes. By employing discriminatory genome typing, four potential new identified, yet be biochemically morphologically characterized. Moreover, functional annotations concerning virulence antimicrobial resistance on study contributes knowledge little-known non-pneumophila present establishes support for future genetic relatedness studies well understanding their pathogenic potential.

Language: Английский

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