Getting the measure of biodiversity

Nature, Journal Year: 2000, Volume and Issue: 405(6783), P. 212 - 219

Published: May 1, 2000

Language: Английский

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Estimating a Binary Character's Effect on Speciation and Extinction

Systematic Biology, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 56(5), P. 701 - 710

Published: Sept. 12, 2007

Determining whether speciation and extinction rates depend on the state of a particular character has been long-standing interest to evolutionary biologists. To assess effect diversification using likelihood methods requires that we be able calculate probability group extant species would have evolved as observed, given model character's effect. Here describe how this for phylogenetic tree two-state (binary) under simple evolution (the "BiSSE" model, binary-state extinction). The involves six parameters, specifying two (rate when lineage is in 0; rate 1), (when change (from 0 1, from 1 0). Using these calculations, can do maximum inference estimate model's parameters perform hypothesis tests (e.g., elevated one over other?). We demonstrate application method simulated data with known parameter values.

Language: Английский

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Species Interactions, Local and Regional Processes, and Limits to the Richness of Ecological Communities: A Theoretical Perspective

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 1992, Volume and Issue: 61(1), P. 1 - 1

Published: Feb. 1, 1992

Language: Английский

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Automatic Detection of Key Innovations, Rate Shifts, and Diversity-Dependence on Phylogenetic Trees

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 9(2), P. e89543 - e89543

Published: Feb. 26, 2014

A number of methods have been developed to infer differential rates species diversification through time and among clades using time-calibrated phylogenetic trees. However, we lack a general framework that can delineate quantify heterogeneous mixtures dynamic processes within single phylogenies. I method identify arbitrary numbers time-varying on phylogenies without specifying their locations in advance. The uses reversible-jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo move between model subspaces vary the distinct regimes. assumes changes evolutionary regimes occur across branches trees under compound Poisson process explicitly accounts for rate variation lineages. Using simulated datasets, demonstrate be used complex time-dependent, diversity-dependent, constant-rate processes. compared performance MEDUSA As an empirical example, analyzed history speciation extinction during radiation modern whales. described here will greatly facilitate exploration macroevolutionary dynamics large trees, which may shaped by

Language: Английский

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Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Journal Year: 1991, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 565 - 592

Published: Nov. 1, 1991

Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights predict distributions across landscapes, ...Read More

Language: Английский

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The Phylogenetic Study of Adaptive Zones: Has Phytophagy Promoted Insect Diversification?

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 1988, Volume and Issue: 132(1), P. 107 - 128

Published: July 1, 1988

Simpson's postulate that rapid diversification follows entrance into a new "adaptive zone" is frequently invoked posteriori for groups of unusual diversity. The can be tested more rigorously by defining an adaptive zone according to ecological criteria, independent particular organisms. adaptive-zone hypothesis predicts if multiple lineages have invaded zone, they should consistently diverse than their (equally old) sister groups, when the latter retain primitive way life. Higher-plant feeding among insects independently defined, repeatedly which profound acceleration rate has been attributed. We quantified evidence this comparing and species diversity as many phytophagous insect current taxonomic allows. A sign test showed significant association with adoption phytophagy. possible artifactual bases trend are discussed provisionally rejected. discuss several biological explanations association, including models phylogenesis either dependent on or role.

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity Studies: Science and Policy

Science, Journal Year: 1991, Volume and Issue: 253(5021), P. 758 - 762

Published: Aug. 16, 1991

Biodiversity studies comprise the systematic examination of full array different kinds organisms together with technology by which diversity can be maintained and used for benefit humanity. Current basic research at species level focuses on process formation, standing levels numbers in various higher taxonomic categories, phenomena hyperdiversity extinction proneness. The major practical concern is massive rate now caused human activity, threatens losses esthetic quality world, economic opportunity, vital ecosystem services.

Language: Английский

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Insect Diversity in the Fossil Record

Science, Journal Year: 1993, Volume and Issue: 261(5119), P. 310 - 315

Published: July 16, 1993

Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent evolutionary history. The great insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather low extinction comparable to slowly evolving marine invertebrate groups. radiation modern began 245 million years ago and accelerated expansion angiosperms during Cretaceous period. basic trophic machinery in place nearly 100 before appeared

Language: Английский

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Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 106(43), P. 18054 - 18061

Published: Oct. 8, 2009

Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, they are one of major conduits energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address processes have generated spectacular diversity flowering (>300,000 species) insect (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses postulated reciprocal evolution adaptations subsequent bursts speciation given rise much this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in potency or variety plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, defense been moderated tradeoffs alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance biotic agents). There still surprisingly scant novel traits reduce herbivory such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with hypothesis, there some diversification lagged behind, but nevertheless temporally correlated their host-plant clades, indicating colonization radiation insects diversifying plants. However, limited support role shifts Finally, a frontier area research, general conclusion our review, community ecology long-term history inexorably intertwined.

Language: Английский

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The Diversity of Parasites

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Journal Year: 2000, Volume and Issue: 75(3), P. 277 - 293

Published: Sept. 1, 2000

Parasitism is one of the most successful modes life displayed by living organisms, as measured how often it evolved and many parasitic species are presently in existence. Studying diversity parasites particularly relevant because sympatric diversification may be important some parasite taxa, opportunity for independent tests evolutionary hypotheses separate lineages which parasitism evolved. Our incomplete knowledge existing species-the result a range phenomena that includes inadequate sampling effort or lumping different cryptic under name-is not always major obstacle study diversity. Patterns associated with either host characteristics. The distribution among taxa does simply reflect themselves; history ecological traits hosts appear to play roles. These determine likelihood colonized over time. It yet clear whether also favor intrahost speciation parasites, formation new species. Certain features diversification. Only body size has received much attention; patterns observed greatly from those free-living species, small-bodied being more speciose than related large-bodied taxa. Epidemiological parameters such basic reproductive rate R₀, can generate predictions regarding evolution For instance, characterized high R₀ values lower R₀; remain untested. Large-scale biogeographical have only been well studied metazoan marine fish; these latitudinal explained effects temperature on rates epidemiological variables, though other causes possible. emphasis future research must shift pattern description elucidation processes responsible structure faunas. A better integration historical (or phylogenetic) approaches should make this objective

Language: Английский

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