The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 557 - 557

Published: March 6, 2019

Vegetarian and vegan diets have increased worldwide in the last decades, according to knowledge that they might prevent coronary heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes. Althought plant-based are at risk of nutritional deficiencies such as proteins, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, omega-3, B12, available evidence shows well planned vegetarian may be considered safe during pregnancy lactation, but require a strong awareness for balanced intake key nutrients. A review scientific literature this field was performed, focusing specifically on observational studies humans, order investigate protective effects elicited by maternal enriched plant-derived foods possible unfavorable outcomes related micronutrients their impact fetal development. design pregestational nutrition intervention is required avoid undernutrition consequent impaired growth.

Language: Английский

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The need to study human milk as a biological system

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 113(5), P. 1063 - 1072

Published: Feb. 25, 2021

Critical advancement is needed in the study of human milk as a biological system that intersects and interacts with myriad internal (maternal biology) external (diet, environment, infections) factors its plethora influences on developing infant. Human-milk composition resulting function more than sum parts. Our failure to fully understand this biology large part contributes why duration exclusive breastfeeding remains an unsettled science (if not policy). current understanding human-milk individual components their functions fails recognize importance chronobiology systems context synthesis, optimal timing feeding, period lactation. The overly simplistic, but common, approach analyzing single, mostly nutritive insufficient contribution either or matrix within which they exist both maternal child health. There need for shift conceptual studying improve strategies interventions support better lactation, breastfeeding, full range infant feeding practices, particularly women infants living undernourished infectious environments. Recent technological advances have led rising movement towards advancing biology. Herein, we describe rationale critical unveiling multifunctionality various nutritional, nonnutritional, immune, signaling pathways drive development maturation, growth, very early postnatal life. We provide vision framework research strategy agenda change field implications global policy, innovation, interventions.

Language: Английский

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Maternal Nutrition and Body Composition During Breastfeeding: Association with Human Milk Composition

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 1379 - 1379

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

The composition of human milk is dynamic and can vary according to many maternal factors, such as diet nutritional status. This study investigated the association nutrition body with composition. All measurements analyses were done at three time points: during first (n = 40), third 22), sixth 15) month lactation. Human was analyzed using Miris analyzer (HMA), measured bioelectrical bioimpedance (BIA) a Maltron BioScan 920-II, assessment women's based on three-day dietary record. correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) did not show significant statistical relationship between nutrients in points. For women postpartum, we observed moderate strong correlations (r ranged from 0.47 0.64) total protein content majority measures follows: positive correlations: % fat mass 0.60; p 0.003), fat-free expressed kg 0.63; 0.001), muscle 0.47; 0.027); negative correlation: water -0.60; 0.003). variance related index (BMI), postpartum 0.33; 0.048). These findings suggest that it diet, but rather may be associated value milk.

Language: Английский

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Human Milk Nutrient Composition in the United States: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Research Needs

Current Developments in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 2(7), P. nzy025 - nzy025

Published: May 30, 2018

Human milk is considered to be the ideal food for infants. Accurate, representative, and up-to-date nutrient composition data of human are crucial management infant feeding, assessment maternal nutritional needs, as a guide developing formula. Currently in United States, profiles can found USDA National Nutrient Database Standard Reference, books or review articles. Nonetheless, these resources all suffer major drawbacks, such being outdated, incomplete profiles, limited sources data, uncertain quality. Furthermore, no profile was developed specifically US population. The purposes this were summarize current knowledge from studies conducted States Canada, identify gaps research needs. literature cover years 1980-2017, 28 papers containing original on macronutrients micronutrients. Most published before 1990 mainly examined samples small groups generally healthy lactating women. experimental designs, including sampling, storage, analytic methods, varied substantially between different studies. Data several components showed some consistency 1-6 mo postpartum, especially protein, fat, lactose, energy, certain minerals (e.g., calcium). 7-12 postpartum other nutrients very scarce. Comprehensive required provide complete information States.

Language: Английский

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Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Sept. 16, 2020

Human milk (HM) is dynamic and shows a high inter- intra-individual variability. To characterize HM with precision, it necessary to understand the factors that modulate its composition. The objective of this narrative review summarize maternal, infant methodological affect We searched SCOPUS PubMed databases for articles related are known or could potentially influence composition volume across lactation periods. Our comprehensive encompasses various maternal-, infant-related aspects including macro- micronutrients, vitamins minerals, as well volume. most profound changes were observed in lipids lipophiles. Evidence exists many nutritive non-nutritive components (e.g. birth weight, gestational age, age/stage lactation). In contrast, less respect maternal factors; where there either limited research conflicting evidence lifestyle, obstetric history, medical conditions), except mother's diet, which relatively well-established understanding. Equally, although sampling, handling analytics) impact composition, few studies have investigated primary outcome, making an important area future HM. Here we propose systematic capture numerous maternal- characteristics facilitate associative comparisons data within studies. Additionally, would be prudent standardize analytics, not only lipophiles, but also those nutrients whose variability yet understood. Defining determining accuracy will open perspectives intervention optimize specific needs infants.

Language: Английский

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The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 1810 - 1810

Published: May 26, 2021

Breast milk components contribute to the infant’s immune development and protection, among other factors, immunoglobulins (Igs) are most studied. The presence of IgA in has been known for a long time; however, less information is available about Igs such as IgM, IgG, their subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) or even IgE IgD. total Ig concentration profile will change during course lactation; there great variability studies due several variables that limit establishing clear pattern. In this context, aim review was firstly shed light on breast based scientific evidence secondly study main factors contributing variability. A search strategy provided only 75 with prespecified eligibility criteria. concentrations proportions found have established intrinsic study—such sampling time quantification technique—as well participant-dependent lifestyle environment. All these immunoglobulinome described literature should be carefully addressed further well-designed data interpretation.

Language: Английский

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Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated with the Human Milk Microbiome

Current Developments in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 4(4), P. nzaa027 - nzaa027

Published: March 6, 2020

Microbes are present in human milk regardless of the mother's health. The origins microbiota likely include skin, infant's mouth, and transfer from maternal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prominent bacterial taxa

Language: Английский

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Psychosocial stress and cortisol stress reactivity predict breast milk composition

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: June 2, 2021

We studied a sample of 146 Polish, exclusively breastfeeding mothers and their healthy born on time infants to explore the effect perinatal psychosocial stress breast milk composition. Maternal was assessed using Recent Life Changes Questionnaire summarizing stressful events from previous six months. Stress reactivity determined by administering cold pressor test measuring cortisol in saliva samples taken during test. Breast measure energy, protein, fat, lactose, fatty acid content. Analyses revealed that positively associated with fat long-chain unsaturated acids negatively lactose. Perinatal affected energy density, as well medium-chain saturated milk. These results, together studies, advocate monitoring maternal psychological status peripartum promote infant nutrition.

Language: Английский

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Human milk: From complex tailored nutrition to bioactive impact on child cognition and behavior

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(26), P. 7945 - 7982

Published: March 30, 2022

Human milk is a highly complex liquid food tailor-made to match an infant's needs. Beyond documented positive effects of breastfeeding on infant and maternal health, there increasing evidence that constituents also impact child neurodevelopment. Non-nutrient bioactives would contribute the (long-term) development cognition behavior, process termed 'Lactocrine Programming'. In this review we discuss current state field human composition its links with cognitive behavioral development. To promote state-of-the-art methodologies designs facilitate data pooling meta-analytic endeavors, present detailed recommendations best practices for future studies. Finally, determine important scientific gaps need be filled advance field, innovative directions research. Unveiling mechanisms underlying between behavior will deepen our understanding broad functions food, as well provide necessary information designing interventions.

Language: Английский

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Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 2

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 117, P. S28 - S42

Published: May 1, 2023

Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental protecting, communicating important information to support, promoting optimal development growth infants. Despite decades research, however, multifaceted impacts human consumption on infant health far from understood a biological or physiological basis. Reasons this lack comprehensive knowledge functions numerous, including fact tend be studied isolation, although there reason believe they interact. In addition, composition can vary greatly within an individual well among populations. The objective working group Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was provide overview composition, factors impacting its variation, how may function coordinately nourish, protect, communicate complex recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss ways whereby might interact such benefits intact matrix greater than sum parts. We then apply several examples illustrate better thought system rather more simplistic "mixture" independent synergistically support health.

Language: Английский

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