Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses

BMJ, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e077310 - e077310

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Abstract Objective To evaluate the existing meta-analytic evidence of associations between exposure to ultra-processed foods, as defined by Nova food classification system, and adverse health outcomes. Design Systematic umbrella review meta-analyses. Data sources MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Database Reviews, well manual searches reference lists from 2009 June 2023. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies reviews meta-analyses cohort, case-control, and/or cross sectional study designs. credibility evidence, pre-specified were applied, graded convincing (“class I”), highly suggestive II”), III”), weak IV”), or no V”). The quality was assessed using GRADE (Grading Recommendations, Assessment, Development, Evaluations) framework, categorised “high,” “moderate,” “low,” “very low” quality. Results search identified 45 unique pooled analyses, including 13 dose-response 32 non-dose-response (n=9 888 373). Overall, direct found foods (71%) parameters spanning mortality, cancer, mental, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic Based on criteria, (class I) supported greater higher risks incident cardiovascular disease related mortality (risk ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.37 1.63; GRADE=very low) type 2 diabetes (dose-response risk 1.12, 1.11 1.13; moderate), prevalent anxiety outcomes (odds 1.48, 1.59; combined common mental disorder 1.53, 1.43 low). Highly II) indicated that directly associated with all cause 1.21, 1.15 1.27; low), heart (hazard 1.66, 1.51 1.84; 1.40, 1.23 very depressive 1.22, 1.16 1.28; together sleep 1.41, 1.24 1.61; wheezing 1.27 1.55; obesity 1.55, 1.36 1.77; Of remaining 34 21 strength III-IV) V). 22 analyses rated low quality, 19 four moderate Conclusions Greater a outcomes, especially cardiometabolic, disorder, These findings provide rationale develop effectiveness population based public measures target reduce dietary improved human health. They also inform support urgent mechanistic research. registration PROSPERO CRD42023412732.

Language: Английский

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Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(13), P. 2568 - 2568

Published: June 21, 2022

Since previous meta-analyses, which were limited only to depression and by a small number of studies available for inclusion at the time publication, several additional have been published assessing link between ultra-processed food consumption as well other mental disorders. We aimed build on previously conducted reviews synthesise meta-analyse contemporary evidence base clarify associations A total 17 observational included (

Language: Английский

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Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health: public health policies to reduce consumption cannot wait

BMJ, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e075294 - e075294

Published: Oct. 9, 2023

Incomplete understanding of the multiple mechanisms underlying link between ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health should not be an excuse for inaction argue Mathilde Touvier colleagues

Language: Английский

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Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms

Advances in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 718 - 738

Published: April 18, 2023

Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations avoid UPFs despite very limited establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, this review critically aimed evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, consistency related choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, packaging, hyperpalatability, stimulation of hunger/suppression fullness); composition macronutrients, texture, added sugar, fat salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, additives); digestive processes oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit microbiome). For some purported (e.g., fiber content, emptying, intestinal time), data directly contrasting the effects UPF non-UPF intake on indices appetite, intake, adiposity are available do not support unique contribution UPFs. In other instances, microbiome additives) or insufficient macronutrient appetite stimulation) judge benefits versus risks avoidance. There yet evoked in which preponderance indicates ingredients actually moderate weight sweetener use management; beverage as it dilutes density; higher content because reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance holds potential adverse reduced diet quality, increased risk poisoning, wastage), is imprudent make regarding their role diets before causality plausible verified.

Language: Английский

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Food Processing and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(10), P. 2483 - 2495.e1

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

Language: Английский

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Does the concept of “ultra-processed foods” help inform dietary guidelines, beyond conventional classification systems? NO

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 116(6), P. 1482 - 1488

Published: May 2, 2022

Language: Английский

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Highly processed foods can be considered addictive substances based on established scientific criteria

Addiction, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 118(4), P. 589 - 598

Published: Nov. 9, 2022

Abstract Background There is growing evidence that an addictive‐eating phenotype may exist. significant debate regarding whether highly processed foods (HPFs; with refined carbohydrates and/or added fats) are addictive. The lack of scientifically grounded criteria to evaluate the addictive nature HPFs has hindered resolution this debate. Analysis most recent scientific a substance's potential centered around tobacco. In 1988, Surgeon General issued report identifying tobacco products as based on three primary criteria: their ability (1) cause controlled or compulsive use, (2) psychoactive (i.e. mood‐altering) effects via effect brain and (3) reinforce behavior. Scientific advances have now identified (4) trigger strong urges craving another important indicator potential. Here, we propose these four provide valid benchmarks can be used addictiveness HPFs. Then, review meet each criterion. Finally, consider implications labeling Conclusion Highly (HPFs) labeled substances using standards set for products. key factor contributing high public health costs associated food environment dominated by cheap, accessible heavily marketed

Language: Английский

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The ultra-processed foods hypothesis: a product processed well beyond the basic ingredients in the package

Nutrition Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 340 - 350

Published: June 22, 2022

Abstract The NOVA classification of food items has become increasingly popular and is being used in several observational studies as well nutritional guidelines recommendations. We propose that there a need for this its use the formulation public health policies to be critically discussed re-appraised. terms ‘processing’ ‘ultra-processing’, which are crucial classification, ill-defined, no scientific, measurable or precise reference parameters exist them. Likewise, theoretical grounds unclear inaccurate. Overall, conflicts with classic, evidence-based evaluation foods based on composition portion size because postulates itself (or how much it eaten) unimportant, but rather dietary effects due produced. contend system suffers from lack biological plausibility so assertion ultra-processed intrinsically unhealthful largely unproven, needs further examination elaboration.

Language: Английский

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The nutritional profile of plant‐based meat analogues available for sale in Australia

Nutrition & Dietetics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 80(2), P. 211 - 222

Published: Jan. 18, 2023

To assess the nutritional quality of plant-based meat analogues in Australia, compared to equivalent products, and levels micronutrient fortification analogues.This cross-sectional study used nutrition composition data for products collected 2021 from major supermarkets Australia. Nutritional was assessed using Health Star Rating, energy (kJ), protein (g), saturated fat sodium (mg), total sugars fibre content (g) per 100 g, level food processing NOVA classification. Proportion fortified with iron, vitamin B12 zinc were reported. Differences health star rating nutrients between categories independent t-tests.Seven hundred ninety (n = 132 n 658 meat) across eight analysed. Meat had a higher (mean 1.2 stars, [95% CI: 1.0-1.4 stars], p < 0.001), lower mean (-2.4 g/100 [-2.9 -1.8 g], 0.001) (-132 mg/100 [-186 -79 but sugar (0.7 [0.4-1.1 0.001). similar proportion ultra-processed (84% 89%, respectively). 12.1% zinc.Meat generally equivalents, however, nutrient varied. Most also few are key micronutrients found meat. More research is needed understand impact these foods.

Language: Английский

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Higher Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with Greater High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Adults: Cross-Sectional Results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(16), P. 3309 - 3309

Published: Aug. 12, 2022

Background: Few studies have examined associations between ultra-processed food intake and biomarkers of inflammation, inconsistent results been reported in the small number that do exist. As such, further investigation is required. Methods: Cross-sectional baseline data from Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) were analysed (n = 2018). We applied NOVA classification system to a frequency questionnaire (FFQ) determine (g/day). The outcome was high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (hsCRP; mg/L). fitted unadjusted adjusted linear regression analyses, with sociodemographic characteristics lifestyle- health-related behaviours as covariates. Supplementary analyses for body mass index (kg/m2). Sex assessed possible effect modifier. Ultra-processed modelled 100 g increments magnitude expressed estimated relative change hsCRP accompanying 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results: After adjustment, every increase associated 4.0% (95%CIs: 2.1−5.9%, p < 0.001). showed part this association independent (estimated hsCRP: 2.5%; 95%CIs: 0.8−4.3%, 0.004). No interaction observed sex intake. Conclusion: Higher cross-sectionally elevated hsCRP, which appeared occur index. Future prospective intervention are necessary confirm directionality whether causal.

Language: Английский

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