Sex differences in skeletal muscle revealed through fiber type, capillarity, and transcriptomics profiling in mice

Physiological Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(18)

Published: Sept. 1, 2021

Skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology are sexually dimorphic but molecular underpinnings muscle-specificity not well-established. Variances in metabolic health, fitness level, sedentary behavior, genetics, age make it difficult to discern inherent sex effects humans. Therefore, mice under well-controlled conditions were used determine female male (n = 19/sex) skeletal fiber type/size capillarity superficial deep gastrocnemius (GA-s, GA-d), soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), plantaris (PLT), transcriptome patterns also determined (GA, SOL). Summed weight strongly correlated with lean body mass (r2 0.67, p < 0.0001, both sexes). Other phenotypes muscle-specific: e.g., (higher density, GA-s), myofiber size (higher, EDL), type lower I II prevalences, respectively, There broad differences transcriptomics, >6000 (GA) >4000 (SOL) mRNAs differentially-expressed by sex; only a minority of these shared across GA SOL. Pathway analyses revealed ribosome biology, transcription, RNA processing. Curation transcripts SOL, literature datasets from humans, identified 11 genes that we propose canonical innate muscle: Xist, Kdm6a, Grb10, Oas2, Rps4x females) Ddx3y, Kdm5d, Irx3, Wwp1, Aldh1a1, Cd24a males). These those the highest "sex-biased" expression our study do contain estrogen-response elements (exception, Greb1), subset proposed be regulated through androgen response elements. We hypothesize sexual dimorphism humans is triggered then maintained classic X inactivation (Xist, Y activation (Ddx3y, males), coincident engagement encoded (Kdm6a) (Kdm5d) demethylase epigenetic regulators complemented modulation at some regions genome respond androgen.

Language: Английский

---

The 150th anniversary ofThe Descent of Man: Darwin and the impact of sex-role reversal on sexual selection research

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 134(3), P. 525 - 540

Published: June 10, 2021

Abstract The year 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of publication Charles Darwin’s extraordinary book Descent Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Here, we review history impact a single profound insight from Man: that, some few species, females rather than males compete for access mates. In other words, these species are ‘sex-role reversed’ with respect mating competition sexual selection compared majority which acts most strongly on males. Over subsequent 150 years, sex-role-reversed have motivated multiple key conceptual breakthroughs selection. surprising dynamics such challenged scientists’ preconceptions, forcing them examine implicit assumptions stereotypes. This wider worldview has led richer more nuanced understanding animal systems and, particular, proper appreciation fundamental role that play shaping systems. Sex-role-reversed considerable untapped potential will continue contribute research decades come.

Language: Английский

---

Adolescent Exposure to Organophosphate Insecticide Malathion Induces Spermatogenesis Dysfunction in Mice by Activating the HIF-1/MAPK/PI3K Pathway

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 125209 - 125209

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Effects of testosterone on gene expression are concordant between sexes but divergent across species of Sceloporus lizards

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 204(5), P. 517 - 532

Published: July 15, 2024

AbstractHormones mediate sexual dimorphism by regulating sex-specific patterns of gene expression, but it is unclear how much this regulation involves hormone levels versus transcriptomic responses to the same hormonal signal. Moreover, hormones can evolve, extent which pleiotropy in conserved across closely related species not well understood. We addressed these issues elevating testosterone juvenile females and males three

Language: Английский

---

Neuroendocrinology of Sex-Role Reversal

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 60(3), P. 692 - 702

Published: May 26, 2020

Females of some species are considered sex-role reversed, meaning that they face stronger competition for mates compared to males. While much attention has been paid behavioral and morphological patterns associated with reversal, less is known about its physiological regulation. Here, we evaluate hypotheses relating the neuroendocrine basis reversal. We refute most widely tested activational hypothesis sex differences in androgen secretion; reversed females do not have higher levels androgens circulation than However, find evidence effects may be sex-specific; circulating correlate competitive phenotypes females. also review tissue-specific sensitivity males, at least tissues. Organizational explain these relationships, considering early exposure steroids can shape later hormones, often sex-specific ways. Moving forward, experimental correlative studies on ontogeny expression reversal will further clarify mechanisms generate behaviors roles.

Language: Английский

---

Evolution of hormone-phenotype couplings and hormone-genome interactions

Hormones and Behavior, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 144, P. 105216 - 105216

Published: June 27, 2022

Language: Английский

---

The response of the brood pouch transcriptome to synthetic estrogen exposure in the Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli)

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: June 29, 2023

Endocrine disruptors have devastating impacts on the reproductive physiology of aquatic organisms. The Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli , is a sexually dimorphic species, which demonstrates predictable morphological, physiological, behavioral, and genetic responses to synthetic estrogen exposure. It has broad geographic range, spanning freshwater marine environments, making it potential sentinel species across wide range habitats. In this study, we investigated effects ecologically relevant levels 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) exposure gene expression patterns in male pipefish’s brood pouch. We also characterized extent EE2-exposed males developed coloration that are normally restricted females. identified differentially expressed genes pouches pregnant non-pregnant when were exposed 5ng/L EE2 from second eighth day pregnancy (which lasts about 2 weeks). Our result revealed several candidate role pouch’s response environmental estrogens. between mid-gestation males. found an overall greater effect transcriptomes males, may explain why estrogen-exposed exhibited difficulty receiving eggs previous studies. offspring similarly control treatments, highlighting link timing its pregnancy. These results provide insight into how breeding pipefish populations still exist even though they coastal locations where periodically potentially high concentrations endocrine-disrupting compounds. present examples female-typical development due identify pouch can be utilized as biomarkers, contributing model for ecotoxicology.

Language: Английский

---

The Ancestral Modulation Hypothesis: Predicting Mechanistic Control of Sexually Heteromorphic Traits Using Evolutionary History

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 202(3), P. 241 - 259

Published: April 12, 2023

AbstractAcross the animal kingdom there are myriad forms within a sex across, and even within, species, rendering concepts of universal traits moot. The mechanisms that regulate development these trait differences varied, although in vertebrates, common pathways involve gonadal steroid hormones. Gonadal steroids often associated with heteromorphic development, where found at higher circulating levels is one involved for sex. Occasionally, situations which or monomorphic another We propose verbal hypothesis, ancestral modulation hypothesis (AMH), uses evolutionary history trait-particularly ancestrally possessed values-to predict regulatory pathway governs expression. AMH predicts genomic architecture appears first to resolve sexual conflict an initially trait. This takes advantage existing sex-biased signals, pathway, generate heteromorphism. In cases other experiences pressure new phenotype, will co-opt by altering its signal match original high-trait-value describe integrated needed produce this pattern what expected outcomes be given present framework as testable scientific community investigate create further engagement analysis both ultimate proximate approaches

Language: Английский

---

Cross-sexual Transfer Revisited

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 63(4), P. 936 - 945

Published: May 5, 2023

In her influential book "Developmental Plasticity and Evolution," Mary Jane West-Eberhard introduced the concept of cross-sexual transfer, where traits expressed in one sex an ancestral species become other sex. Despite its potential ubiquity, we find that transfer has been under-studied under-cited literature, with only a few experimental papers have invoked concept. Here, aim to reintroduce as powerful framework for explaining variation highlight relevance current studies on evolution sexual heteromorphism (different means or modes trait values between sexes). We discuss several exemplary published past two decades, further building West-Eberhard's extensive review. emphasize scenarios avenues study, within-sex polymorphic sex-role reversed species, evolutionary adaptive implications. Lastly, propose future questions expand our understanding from nonhormonal mechanisms identification broad taxonomic patterns. As biologists increasingly recognize nonbinary often continuous nature heteromorphism, important utility generating novel insights perspectives phenotypes across diverse taxa.

Language: Английский

---

Species differences in hormonally mediated gene expression underlie the evolutionary loss of sexually dimorphic coloration in Sceloporus lizards

Journal of Heredity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 114(6), P. 637 - 653

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Phenotypic sexual dimorphism often involves the hormonal regulation of sex-biased expression for underlying genes. However, it is generally unknown whether evolution hormonally mediated occurs through upstream changes in tissue sensitivity to hormone signals, downstream responsiveness target genes, or both. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics explore these possibilities 2 species Sceloporus lizards exhibiting different patterns dichromatism. Sexually dimorphic S. undulatus develops blue and black ventral coloration response testosterone, while sexually monomorphic virgatus does not, despite similar sex differences circulating testosterone levels. We administered implants juveniles each used RNAseq quantify gene skin. Transcriptome-wide responses were stronger than virgatus, suggesting this signal. Species genes androgen metabolism hormone-binding globulin consistent with idea, but receptor was higher complicating interpretation. Downstream signaling, found clear related melanin synthesis, which upregulated by undulatus, not virgatus. Collectively, our results indicate that synthesis pathways contributes development contribute evolutionary loss coloration.

Language: Английский

---