Revised guidance on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees)

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(5)

Published: May 1, 2023

The European Commission asked EFSA to revise the risk assessment for honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees. This guidance document describes how perform from plant protection products, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 1107/2009. It is a review of EFSA's existing document, which was published 2013. outlines tiered approach exposure estimation different scenarios tiers. includes hazard characterisation provides methodology covering dietary contact exposure. also recommendations higher tier studies, metabolites products as mixture.

Language: Английский

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Critical links between biodiversity and health in wild bee conservation

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 37(4), P. 309 - 321

Published: Dec. 23, 2021

The diversity, abundance, and health of wild bees is jeopardized primarily by land-use modifications, among other global change drivers.Defining measuring in requires an integrative approach across disciplines.We use elements from chemistry, stoichiometry, ecology, physiology, pathology, genetics to (i) contribute a more comprehensive definition bee 'health', (ii) define framework linking with floral resource/nutritional landscapes through assessing species-specific nutritional niches.We suggest novel holistic for capturing combining field laboratory tools.Knowledge gained applying this will serve as blueprint stakeholders engaged pollinator conservation. Wild populations are declining due human activities, such land change, which strongly affect the composition diversity available plants food sources. chemical (i.e., nutrition) turn determines health, resilience, fitness bees. For pollinators, however, term 'health' recent subject debate, interaction between nutrition health. We multidimensional concept biological traits (physiology, disease) environmental factors (floral landscapes). Linking information on tolerated niches different species allow us better predict their distribution responses thus support Bees decline because sources disappearAnimals pollinate >85% flowering 75% leading crops worldwide [1.Klein A.-M. et al.Importance pollinators changing world crops.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2007; 274: 303-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (3270) Google Scholar] provide medicines animals humankind. They also natural habitats play key role plant productivity, webs, ultimately well-being Scholar, 2.Klein A-M. al.Relevance managed well-being.Curr. Opin. Insect 2018; 26: 82-88Crossref (32) 3.Ollerton J. al.How many pollinated animals?.Oikos. 2011; 120: 321-326Crossref (1564) Scholar]. (Apidae) most important group vast majority represented (~20 000 species) [4.Potts S. Assessment Report Pollinators, Pollination Food Production – Summary Policymakers. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Biodiversity Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 2016Google Scholar].Alarmingly, impact biotic abiotic stressors caused activities that act alone or combination, pesticides, invasive species, pathogens, intensive land-use, climate [5.Dicks L. al.A assessment drivers risks associated decline.Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2021; 5: 1453-1461Crossref (4) 6.Eggleton P. state world's insects.Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2020; 45: 61-82Crossref (15) 7.Rhodes C.J. Pollinator ecological calamity making?.Sci. Prog. 101: 121-160Crossref (36) 8.Storkey al.Wild arable habitats: trends, threats opportunities.in: Hurford C. Changing Status Arable Habitats Europe: A Nature Conservation Review. Springer International, 2020: 187-201Crossref 9.Zattara E.E. Aizen M.A. Worldwide occurrence records richness.One Earth. 4: 114-123Abstract Full Text PDF (60) 10.Goulson D. al.Bee declines driven combined stress parasites, lack flowers.Science. 2015; 347: 1255957Crossref (1702) 11.Potts S.G. al.Global declines: impacts drivers.Trends 2010; 25: 345-353Abstract (3176) In particular, agricultural intensification appears negatively communities [12.Lichtenberg E.M. synthesis effects diversified farming systems arthropod within fields landscapes.Glob. Change 2017; 23: 4946-4957Crossref (143) Scholar,13.Raven P.H. Wagner D.L. Agricultural rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity.Proc. Natl. Acad. 118e2002548117Crossref fact, overall biodiversity typically decreases increasing intensity [14.Kleijn al.Mixed benefits agri-environment schemes five European countries.Ecol. Lett. 2006; 9: 243-254Crossref (725) Scholar,15.Newbold T. model response tropical sub-tropical forest anthropogenic pressures.Proc. 2014; 281: 20141371PubMed Scholar], directly indirectly leads loss nesting sites [10.Goulson Scholar,16.Thomson D.M. Local bumble linked recovery honey bees, drought resources.Ecol. 2016; 19: 1247-1255Crossref (65) may alter pathogen prevalence [17.Figueroa L.L. al.Landscape simplification shapes plant–pollinator networks.Ecol. 1212-1222Crossref (20) 18.Piot N. al.More less: mass-flowering fruit tree dilute parasite transmission bees.Int. Parasitol. 51: 777-785Crossref (2) 19.Smart M. al.Linking measures colony individual survival apiaries exposed varying use.PLoS ONE. 11e0152685Crossref (104) Declining spectrum sources, therefore restricts landscape accessible [20.Michener C.D. World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007Google 21.Vaudo A.D. resource restoration.Soc. Insects Vectors Med. Vet. Entomol. 10: 133-141Google 22.Ziska L.H. al.Rising atmospheric CO2 reducing protein concentration pollen source essential North American bees.Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20160414Crossref 23.Requier F. al.Honey diet farmland reveals unexpectedly high flower richness major weeds.Ecol. Appl. 881-890Crossref (171) Scholar].Nutritional beesAs intake nutrient (henceforth referred quality) determine resilience [24.Simpson S.J. Raubenheimer Nutrition: Unifying Framework Animal Adaptation Human Obesity. Princeton 2012Crossref access resources enable diverse balanced one driver population stability [21.Vaudo context, we consider be any compound elements, phospholipids, amino acids 'group components' proteins) part food/nutrition obtain nutrients several potential medically active secondary metabolites consuming mostly nectar Scholar,25.Koch H. al.Flagellum removal metabolite inhibits infectivity bumblebee parasite.Curr. 2019; 29: 3494-3500Abstract (24) Scholar,26.Stevenson P.C. antagonists mutualists: paradox toxic pollen.Phytochem. 603-614Crossref (17) Nectar provides carbohydrates maintaining energy metabolic processes, whereas main all macronutrients fat) micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, sterols) required tissue homeostasis, development ovary development), larval growth [27.Filipiak understanding ecology needed optimize conservation strategies application stoichiometry.Insects. 3Crossref (16) 28.Nicolson S.W. Bee food: chemistry value nectar, mixtures two.Afr. Zool. 46: 197-204Crossref 29.Wright G.A. al.Nutritional physiology bees.Annu. 63: 327-344Crossref (89) Ideally, both sufficient quality quantity. quantity determined abundance flowers present namely number plants/flowers per amount [30.Timberlake T.P. al.Phenology seasonal gaps availability bumblebees.J. 56: 1585-1596Crossref (56) depends each and/or specific profile [31.Jachuła al.Habitat heterogeneity helps mitigate sugar deficit discontinuity landscape.Sci. Total 782146909Crossref (5) profiles vary greatly [32.Belsky Joshi N.K. Impact feral bees.Insects. 233Crossref (37) 33.Palmer-Young E.C. al.Chemistry rewards: intra- interspecific variability taxa.Ecol. Monogr. 89e01335Crossref (50) 34.Vaudo al.Pollen protein: lipid macronutrient ratios guide broad patterns preferences.Insects. 11: 132Crossref (41) 35.Requier al.Limitation complementary affects growth, foraging behavior, reproduction bees.Ecology. 101e02946Crossref (11) even individuals same growing [36.Venjakob al.Inter-individual changes scabious, Knautia arvensis.Insects. 2Crossref Floral communities, characterized consequently More details variation effect diets performance fitness, differences preferences given Vaudo al. Scholar].Although much less well understood, needs expected differ substantially sustainability amounts food, particular pollen, offspring development, can influence entire Scholar,37.Filipiak Z.M. Filipiak scarcity influences certain life history traits.Biology. 12Crossref (6) Scholar,38.Moerman explain than diversity.Insect Conserv. Divers. 171-179Crossref (39) Scholar].Surprisingly, landscape, status has hitherto received little attention (cf Scholar,34.Vaudo Scholar]). This knowledge is, crucial determining how respective populations. propose conceptual altering healthy populations.Measuring healthAlthough understood physical, mental, social population, wildlife generally been absence disease [39.Stephen Toward modernized health.J. Wildl. Dis. 50: 427-430Crossref only recently appeared literature its precise still debate [40.López-Uribe M.M. al.Defining health: based ecological, genetic, physiological factors.Annu. Anim. Biosci. 8: 269-294Crossref López-Uribe suggested multilevel various parameters measure at individual, colony, level should then direct consequence average individuals, where size likely correlate positively health.We apply defined result local environment (Figure 1). following recorded integrated comprehensively capture stored bodies (such proteins, lipids, glycogen, elements), body [41.Dellicour al.Distribution predictors wing shape three sister solitary bees.PLoS 12e0173109Crossref (18) load, beneficial microbiota [42.Engel al.The microbiome: evolution host–microbe interactions.mBio. 7e02164-15Crossref (130) immunocompetence [43.Alaux al.Diet honeybee immunocompetence.Biol. 6: 562-565Crossref (454) fertility [44.Keller A. al.(More than) Hitchhikers network: shared microbiome flowers.Curr. 44: 8-15Crossref (8) Scholar].Physiological were shown sensitivity modifications [45.Tracy C.R. importance biology.Integr. Comp. 1191-1205Crossref (72) responds before become visible [46.Ellis R.D. al.Integrating physiology.Landsc. 2012; 27: 1-12Crossref (90) instance, correlates increased levels storage antioxidant vitellogenin higher overwintering [19.Smart Scholar,47.Alaux 'landscape physiology' highlights enrichment semi-natural habitats.Sci. Rep. 7: 40568Crossref (57) Energy survival. categories used insects (glycogen, life-history dispersal capacity, reproduction, diapause, [48.Arrese E.L. Soulages J.L. fat body: energy, metabolism, regulation.Annu. 55: 207-225Crossref (1178) Moreover, macro- acquired consumption interface resources. Variations budget bees.Additional sensu lato include morphometrics, microbial loads. example, morphometry fluctuating asymmetry found [49.de Freitas Brito al.Orchid (Apidae, Euglossini) oil palm plantations Eastern Amazon have larger but not asymmetrical wings.Neotrop. 388-397Crossref (0) 50.Gerard al.Stressful conditions reveal decrease size, modification relatively stable wings.Sci. 15169Crossref (14) 51.Lima C.B.S. al.Morphometric Melipona subnitida Ducke 1910 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) types housing.Braz. 76: 845-850Crossref addition, known composition, particularly consequences uptake, detoxification, immunity, Scholar,52.Dharampal P.S. al.Pollen-borne microbes fitness.Proc. 286: 20182894Crossref 53.Rothman J.A. increases selenate toxicity.Environ. Microbiol. 21: 3417-3429Crossref 54.Voulgari-Kokota al.Drivers, functions solitary-bee microbiota.Trends 1034-1044Abstract By defining stoichiometric phenotypes elemental bodies) [55.Jeyasingh P.D. al.Testing evolutionary using elements.Ecol. 528-538Crossref (59) deviations optimal phenotypes, nutritionally impoverished populations, revealed, indicate reduced health.All mentioned previously affected multiple related pollutants antibiotics, heavy metals) pathogens Measurement variables complete picture focusing single parameter.Floral healthFloral community [56.Albrecht effectiveness strips hedgerows pest control, pollination services crop yield: quantitative synthesis.Ecol. 1488-1498Crossref (113) Scholar,57.Dainese biodiversity-mediated production.Sci. Adv. 5eaax0121Crossref (245) [58.Kaluza B.F. al.Social fitter biodiverse environments.Sci. 12353Crossref content Scholar,27.Filipiak Scholar,59.Roulston T.H. Goodell K. regulating populations.Annu. 293-312Crossref (325) Scholar,60.Scheper al.Museum specimens host factor driving Netherlands.Proc. 111: 17552Crossref (160) phenology [23.Requier Scholar,58.Kaluza Scholar,61.Blüthgen Klein Functional complementarity specialisation: interactions.Basic 12: 282-291Crossref (281) thrive environments Scholar,62.Crone Williams N.M. Bumble dynamics: quantifying queen production.Ecol. 460-468Crossref (68) Scholar,63.Goulson al.Colony bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, improved conventional suburban habitats.Oecologia. 2002; 130: 267-273Crossref (169) Scholar,64.Kaluza al.Generalist maximize species-rich resource-abundant environments.Ecosphere. 8e01758Crossref (26) Scholar,65.Trinkl al.Floral stingless bee.Insects. (9) opportunities specialist (oligolectic) restricted find suitable generalist (polylectic) supports performance, (Table 1), presumably ready adequate metabolites. contrast, chronic monotonous, nonsuitable, low quality, reduces immune-competence affecting 'nutritional stress' [47.Alaux Scholar,66.Brunner F.S. al.Protein-poor host-specific immune gene expression terrestris.Proc. 20140128Crossref Poor lead susceptibility [67.Dolezal A.G. Toth A.L. Feedbacks health.Curr. 114-119Crossref (63) pesticides [68.Tosi al.Neonicotinoid synergistically reduce 284: 20171711Crossref considered Scholar,69.Bartomeus I. al.Historical northeastern US traits.Proc. U. 2013; 110: 4656-4660Crossref (309) Scholar,70.Leach M.E. Drummond review native health.Int. 2018: 9607246Crossref (13) Although added se automatically yield synergistic compared higher-quality monofloral [34.Vaudo Scholar,71.Klaus diversification promotes offset insecticide evidence semi-field experiment.Ecol. 24: 668-675Crossref Scholar,72.Stuligross Pesticide additively impair reproduction.Proc. 287: 20201390Crossref it clearly negative poor choices 1).Table 1Effect studies polyfloral polylectic) under conditionsExperimentBee speciesEffectsResponse variableRefsLandscapes, enriched melliferous catch crops; overwinteringHoneybee (Apis mellifera)Access was vitality (vitellogenin level)Bee level)[47.Alaux Scholar]Monofloral pesticides; performanceBuff tailed (Bombus terrestris)Additive drone reproduc

Language: Английский

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Pesticide use negatively affects bumble bees across European landscapes

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 628(8007), P. 355 - 358

Published: Nov. 29, 2023

Abstract Sustainable agriculture requires balancing crop yields with the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, such as bees and other pollinators. Field studies demonstrated that agricultural use neonicotinoid insecticides can negatively affect wild bee species 1,2 , leading to restrictions these compounds 3 . However, besides neonicotinoids, field-based evidence landscape pesticide exposure is lacking. Bees encounter many in landscapes 4–9 this colony growth development any remains unknown. Here we show found bumble bee-collected pollen are associated reduced performance during bloom, especially simplified intensive practices. Our results from 316 Bombus terrestris colonies at 106 sites across eight European countries confirm regulatory system fails sufficiently prevent pesticide-related impacts even for a eusocial pollinator which size may buffer against 10,11 These findings support need postapproval monitoring both process protective limiting collateral environmental damage use.

Language: Английский

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Pesticide Exposure and Effects on Non-Apis Bees

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 69(1), P. 551 - 576

Published: Oct. 12, 2023

Bees are essential pollinators of many crops and wild plants, pesticide exposure is one the key environmental stressors affecting their health in anthropogenically modified landscapes. Until recently, almost all information on routes impacts came from honey bees, at least partially because they were only model species required for risk assessments (ERAs) insect pollinators. Recently, there has been a surge research activity focusing effects non- Apis including other social bees (bumble stingless bees) solitary bees. These taxa vary substantially another several important ecological traits, spatial temporal patterns, foraging nesting requirements, degree sociality. In this article, we review current evidence base about pathways consequences We find that insights into bee resulting across biological organizations, landscapes, mixtures, multiple still infancy. The good news promising approaches could be used to advance our understanding, with priority given informing pathways, extrapolating effects, determining how well (limited very few mostly neonicotinoid insecticides under unrealistic conditions) can generalized diversity lifestyles global community. conclude future expand knowledge would also beneficial ERAs wider policy decisions concerning pollinator conservation regulation.

Language: Английский

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Exposure of insects to current use pesticide residues in soil and vegetation along spatial and temporal distribution in agricultural sites

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

Abstract Current use pesticides (CUPs) are recognised as the largest deliberate input of bioactive substances into terrestrial ecosystems and one main factors responsible for current decline in insects agricultural areas. To quantify seasonal insect exposure landscape at a regional scale (Rhineland-Palatine Germany), we analysed presence multiple (93) active ingredients CUPs across three different cultivation types (with each fields: arable, vegetable, viticulture) neighbouring meadows. We collected monthly soil vegetation samples over year. A total 71 CUP residues mixtures was detected, with up to 28 25 single samples. The concentrations numbers fluctuated sampling period, peaking summer months but remaining almost constant topsoil. calculated in-field additive risks earthworms, collembola, soil-living wild bees using measured CUPs. Our results call need assess mixture low concentrations, chronically present Since this risk is not addressed regulation, emphasise urgent implement global pesticide reduction targets.

Language: Английский

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Past insecticide exposure reduces bee reproduction and population growth rate

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(48)

Published: Nov. 22, 2021

Pesticides are linked to global insect declines, with impacts on biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. In addition well-documented direct of pesticides at the current stage or time, potential delayed "carryover" effects from past exposure a different life may augment individuals populations. We investigated carryover insecticide individual vital rates population growth solitary bee, Osmia lignaria. Bees in flight cages freely foraged wildflowers, some treated common insecticide, imidacloprid, fully crossed design over 2 y, no each year. Insecticide directly foraging adults via reduced reproduction. Repeated across y additively impaired performance, leading nearly fourfold reduction bee growth. Exposure even single application can have persistent reduce for multiple generations. Carryover had profound implications persistence must be considered risk assessment, conservation, management decisions pollinators mitigate exposure.

Language: Английский

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Pollen nutrition fosters honeybee tolerance to pesticides

Royal Society Open Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8(9), P. 210818 - 210818

Published: Sept. 1, 2021

A reduction in floral resource abundance and diversity is generally observed agro-ecosystems, along with widespread exposure to pesticides. Therefore, a better understanding on how the availability quality of pollen diets can modulate honeybee sensitivity pesticides required. For that purpose, we evaluated toxicity acute chronic exposures field realistic higher concentrations azoxystrobin (fungicide) sulfoxaflor (insecticide) honeybees provided differing qualities (named S BQ pollens). We found intake reduced doses Contrary azoxystrobin, increased by 1.5- 12-fold bee mortality, which was intake. Most importantly, risk death upon high concentration significantly lower for diet when compared diet. This pesticide associated gene expression vitellogenin, glycoprotein promotes longevity, faster metabolization phytochemical p -coumaric acid, known upregulate detoxification enzymes. Thus, our study revealed influence ability bees metabolize withstand their detrimental effects, providing another strong argument restoration suitable foraging habitat.

Language: Английский

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Flower plantings support wild bee reproduction and may also mitigate pesticide exposure effects

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(8), P. 2117 - 2127

Published: May 28, 2022

Abstract Sustainable agriculture relies on pollinators, and wild bees benefit yield of multiple crops. However, the combined exposure to pesticides loss flower resources, driven by agricultural intensification, contribute declining diversity abundance many bee taxa. Flower plantings along margins fields offer diverse food resources not directly treated with pesticides. To investigate potential mitigate pesticide effects support reproduction, we selected replicated sites in intensively farmed landscapes where half contained plantings. We assessed solitary Osmia lignaria bumble Bombus vosnesenskii nesting reproduction throughout season these landscapes. also quantified local landscape used bee‐collected pollen determine forage resource use risk. plantings, their increased O. probability. was more strongly related than resources. Bees at without experienced similar risk, flowers, alongside flowers landscape, were sources particularly for . mitigated negative B. reproduction. Synthesis applications are threatened through intensification. Therefore, finding solutions deficiency is urgent. Our findings point towards as a solution populations mitigating providing key forage. Further investigation balance between benefits added risk needed reveal contexts net occur.

Language: Английский

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Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee ( Xenoglossa pruinosa )

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2019)

Published: March 20, 2024

Mounting evidence supporting the negative impacts of exposure to neonicotinoids on bees has prompted registration novel ‘bee-friendly’ insecticides for agricultural use. Flupyradifurone (FPF) is a butenolide insecticide that shares same mode action as and been assessed be ‘practically non-toxic adult honeybees' using current risk assessment procedures. However, these assessments overlook some routes specific wild bees, such contact with residues in soil ground-nesters. Co-exposure other pesticides may also lead detrimental synergistic effects. In fully crossed experiment, we possible lethal sublethal effects chronic two used Cucurbita crops, Sivanto Prime fungicide Quadris Top (azoxystrobin difenoconazole), alone or combined, solitary ground-nesting squash ( Xenoglossa pruinosa ). Squash exposed collected less pollen per flower visit, while Sivanto-exposed produced larger offspring. Pesticide co-exposure induced hyperactivity female relative both control single pesticide exposure, reduced number emerging offspring nest compared individual treatments. This study demonstrates ‘low-toxicity’ can adversely affect under field-realistic combination.

Language: Английский

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Experimental heatwaves disrupt bumblebee foraging through direct heat effects and reduced nectar production

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 591 - 601

Published: Dec. 1, 2022

Abstract Heatwaves are an increasingly common extreme weather event across the globe and projected to surge in frequency severity coming decades. Plant‐pollinator mutualisms vulnerable due interacting effects of heat on insect pollinator foraging behaviour their forage plants. We designed experiment parse impact bumblebee mediated directly through air temperature indirectly changes plant rewards. Temperatures simulating a moderate heatwave negatively impacted bumblebees reducing proportion successful bouts, bout duration flower visitation indirect stress reduced nectar production that limited duration. Our experimental results provide mechanistic link between climate, plants pollinators suggest situ conditions from heatwaves could have profound negative consequences for colony persistence maintenance pollination services. Read free Plain Language Summary this article Journal blog.

Language: Английский

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