The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate

The Lancet, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 394(10211), P. 1836 - 1878

Published: Nov. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 1(10), P. 500 - 515

Published: Aug. 18, 2020

Language: Английский

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Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 60(3)

Published: April 11, 2022

Abstract Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, perpetuating change. Here, we review current understanding of impacts on weather (weather conditions conducive to ignition spread wildfires) consequences for regional activity as mediated by a range other bioclimatic factors (including vegetation biogeography, productivity lightning) ignition, suppression, land use). Through supplemental analyses, present stocktake trends in burned area (BA) during recent decades, examine how relates its drivers. Fire controls annual timing fires most regions also drives inter‐annual variability BA Mediterranean, Pacific US high latitude forests. Increases frequency extremity been globally pervasive due 1979–2019, meaning landscapes are primed burn more frequently. Correspondingly, increases ∼50% or higher seen some extratropical forest ecoregions including high‐latitude forests 2001–2019, though interannual remains large these regions. Nonetheless, can override relationship between weather. For example, savannahs strongly patterns fuel production fragmentation naturally fire‐prone agriculture. Similarly, tropical relate deforestation rates degradation than changing Overall, has reduced 27% past two part decline African savannahs. According models, prevalence already emerged beyond pre‐industrial Mediterranean change, emergence will become increasingly widespread at additional levels warming. Moreover, several major wildfires experienced years, Australian bushfires 2019/2020, occurred amidst were considerably likely Current models incompletely reproduce observed spatial based their existing representations relationships controls, historical vary across models. Advances observation controlling supporting addition optimization processes exerting upwards pressure intensity weather, this escalate with each increment global Improvements better interactions climate, extremes, humans required predict future mitigate against consequences.

Language: Английский

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Human exposure and sensitivity to globally extreme wildfire events

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 1(3)

Published: Feb. 3, 2017

Language: Английский

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Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 94(6), P. 1983 - 2010

Published: July 12, 2019

Many terrestrial ecosystems are fire prone, such that their composition and structure largely due to regime. Regions subject regular have exceptionally high levels of species richness endemism, has been proposed as a major driver diversity, within the context climate, resource availability environmental heterogeneity. However, current fire-management practices rarely take into account ecological evolutionary roles in maintaining biodiversity. Here, we focus on mechanisms enable act force promotes maintains biodiversity over numerous spatiotemporal scales. From an perspective, vegetation, topography local weather conditions during generate landscape with spatial temporal variation fire-related patches (pyrodiversity), these produce biotic heterogeneity drives across regional There few empirical tests proposition 'pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' but show should peak at moderately pyrodiversity. Overall is greatest immediately after declines monotonically time, postfire successional pathways dictated by animal habitat preferences varying lifespans among resident plants. Theory data support 'intermediate disturbance hypothesis' when mean patch diversity correlated intervals. Postfire persistence, recruitment immigration allow different life histories coexist. population turnover diversification promoting wide range adaptive responses particular regimes. Among 39 comparisons, number 26 fire-prone lineages much higher than non-fire-prone sister lineages. Fire its byproducts may direct mutagenic effects, producing novel genotypes can lead trait innovation even speciation. A paradigm shift aimed restoring biodiversity-maintaining regimes broad landscapes required research management communities. This will require ecologists other professionals spread burgeoning fire-science knowledge beyond scientific publications broader public, politicians media.

Language: Английский

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Warmer and Drier Fire Seasons Contribute to Increases in Area Burned at High Severity in Western US Forests From 1985 to 2017

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 47(22)

Published: Oct. 23, 2020

Abstract Increases in burned area across the western United States (US) since mid‐1980s have been widely documented and linked partially to climate factors, yet evaluations of trends fire severity are lacking. Here we evaluate their interannual relationships for US forests from 1985 2017. Significant increases annual at high (AAB hs ) were observed most ecoregions, with an overall eightfold increase AAB forests. The identified between metrics climate, as well projected trend toward warmer drier seasons, suggest that change will contribute increased future decades where fuels remain abundant. growing prevalence high‐severity has important implications forest ecosystems, including probability fire‐catalyzed conversions alternative vegetation types.

Language: Английский

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Defining Extreme Wildfire Events: Difficulties, Challenges, and Impacts

Fire, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 9 - 9

Published: Feb. 25, 2018

Every year worldwide some extraordinary wildfires occur, overwhelming suppression capabilities, causing substantial damages, and often resulting in fatalities. Given their increasing frequency, there is a debate about how to address these with significant social impacts, but no agreement upon terminology describe them. The concept of extreme wildfire event (EWE) has emerged bring coherence on this kind events. It increasingly used, as synonym other terms related high intensity size, its definition remains elusive. goal paper go beyond drawing distinct disciplinary perspectives develop holistic view EWE social-ecological phenomenon. Based literature review using transdisciplinary approach, proposes process an outcome. Considering the lack consistent “scale gravity” leverage events such natural hazards (e.g., tornados, hurricanes earthquakes) we present proposal classification seven categories based measurable fire spread behavior parameters difficulty. 5 7 are labeled EWE.

Language: Английский

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The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 371(1696), P. 20150164 - 20150164

Published: May 24, 2016

Numbers of animal species react to the natural phenomenon fire, but only humans have learnt control it and make at will. Natural fires caused overwhelmingly by lightning are highly evident on many landscapes. Birds such as hawks, some other predators, alert opportunities catch animals including invertebrates disturbed similar benefits likely underlie first human involvements with fires. Early hominins would undoubtedly been aware fires, savanna chimpanzees in present. Rather than an event, discovery fire use may be seen a set processes happening over long term. Eventually, became embedded behaviour, so that is involved almost all advanced technologies. Fire has also influenced biology, assisting providing high-quality diet which fuelled increase brain size through Pleistocene. Direct evidence early archaeology remains rare, from 1.5 Ma onward surprising numbers sites preserve burnt material. By Middle Pleistocene, recognizable hearths demonstrate social economic focus sites. The archaeological evaluated against postulates biological models 'cooking hypothesis' or 'social brain', questions cooperation origins language. Although much worked out, plain had major impact course evolution.This article part themed issue 'The interaction mankind'.

Language: Английский

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Which practices co‐deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 1532 - 1575

Published: Oct. 22, 2019

Abstract There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address global challenges of climate mitigation, adaptation, combatting degradation desertification, delivering security (referred hereafter as “land challenges”). We assess potential 40 practices these find that: Nine options deliver medium large benefits all four challenges. A further two have no estimates but other Five mitigation (>3 Gt CO 2 eq/year) without adverse impacts on moderate potential, with Sixteen adaptation (>25 million people benefit), side effects Most can be applied competing available land. However, seven could result competition number do not require dedicated land, including several options, value chain risk options. Four greatly increase if at scale, though impact scale context specific, highlighting safeguards ensure that expansion does natural systems security. practices, such increased productivity, dietary reduced loss waste, reduce demand conversion, thereby potentially freeing‐up creating opportunities enhanced implementation making them important components portfolios combined

Language: Английский

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In the line of fire: the peatlands of Southeast Asia

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 371(1696), P. 20150176 - 20150176

Published: May 24, 2016

Peatlands are a significant component of the global carbon (C) cycle, yet despite their role as long-term C sink throughout Holocene, they increasingly vulnerable to destabilization. Nowhere is this shift from source happening more rapidly than in Southeast Asia, and nowhere else combined pressures land-use change fire on peatland ecosystem dynamics evident nor consequences apparent. This review focuses peatlands region, tracing link between deforestation drainage accelerating emissions arising peat mineralization fire. It implications recent increase occurrence for air quality, human health, resilience cycle. The scale controls peat-driven addressed, noting that although fires cause large, temporary peaks flux atmosphere, year-round similar magnitude. concludes by advocating land management options reduce future risk part wider strategies, while also proposing region's dynamic could become relevant northern warming world.This article themed issue 'The interaction mankind'.

Language: Английский

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