SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, mink have the highest likelihood become infected from or further SARS-CoV-2. In EU, 44 outbreaks were reported 2021 farms seven MSs, while only six 2022 two thus representing a decreasing trend. introduction into usually via humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering adequate biosecurity. current most appropriate monitoring approach for outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, dead clinically sick case increased mortality positive farm personnel genomic surveillance virus variants. analysis showed mink-specific clusters with potential spill back human population. companion cats, ferrets hamsters those at risk infection, which likely originates an human, has no very low impact circulation wild (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes been naturally cases wildlife so far. Proper disposal waste advised reduce risks spill-over wildlife. Furthermore, contact wildlife, especially if dead, should minimised. No specific recommended apart hunter-harvested clinical signs found-dead. Bats monitored as natural host many coronaviruses.

Language: Английский

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Broader-species receptor binding and structural bases of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 to both mouse and palm-civet ACE2s

Cell Discovery, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: July 12, 2022

The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 carries multiple unusual mutations, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) spike (S) protein. Moreover, host-adapting such as residues 493, 498, and 501, were also observed RBD, which indicates that it is necessary to evaluate interspecies transmission risk variant. Herein, we evaluated recognition BA.1 Delta RBDs by 27 ACE2 orthologs, including humans. We found expanded its receptor binding spectra palm-civet, rodents, more bats (least horseshoe bat greater bat) lesser hedgehog tenrec. Additionally, determined cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure S protein complexed with mouse (mACE2) crystal RBD palm-civet (cvACE2). Several key for host range have been identified. These results suggest surveillance should be enhanced on broader-species prevent spillover expansion reservoir hosts a prolonged pandemic.

Language: Английский

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SARS‐CoV‐2 and natural infection in animals

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95(1)

Published: Sept. 19, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Due to close relationship between animals and humans, confirmed transmission from humans numerous animal species been reported. Understanding cross-species SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in different crucial control COVID-19 protect health. In this review, possible origins naturally susceptible are discussed. Furthermore, review categorizes by families, so as better understand animals.

Language: Английский

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Cats and SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review

Animals, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 1413 - 1413

Published: May 30, 2022

Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, various animal species were found to be susceptible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The close contact that exists between humans and cats warrants special attention role this species. Therefore, a scoping review was performed obtain comprehensive overview existing literature, map key concepts, types research, possible gaps in research. A systematic search databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus preprint servers medRxiv bioRxiv performed. After two-step screening process, 27 peer-reviewed articles, 8 scientific communication items, 2 unpublished pre-prints included. main themes discussed susceptibility SARS-CoV-2, induced immunity, prevalence infection, manifestation interspecies transmission cats, lastly, intraspecies cats. research identified lack large-scale studies, underrepresentation stray, feral, shelter cat populations, investigation into cat-to-cat transmissions under non-experimental conditions, relation other regarding SARS-CoV-2. Overall, seemingly play limited spread While are virus reverse zoonotic from happens regularly, there is currently no evidence circulation among

Language: Английский

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Reduced airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron virus in Syrian hamsters

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(12), P. e1010970 - e1010970

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused hundreds millions infections worldwide with more than 6.5 million confirmed deaths.SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that predominantly infects epithelium upper and lower tract human animal hosts.Transmission viruses between hosts can occur via direct contact, contact infected surfaces, or aerosolized particles [1].Syrian hamsters are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection one several have been naturally by this [2-14].Transmission from pet Syrian humans also reported [2].Currently, only rodent model in which airborne transmission easily be tested [2,15].Transmission established detection viral RNA, RNA replication intermediates, viable infectious virus, seroconversion, latter two metrics being most stringent.Since January 2021, National Institutes Health Assessment Variant Evolution (SAVE) initiative evaluated potential variants [16].Several SAVE-affiliated laboratories, using variable exposure times (4 48 hours), inoculum amounts (10 3 10 5 units), experimental designs, observed (strain Wuhan-1 WA1/20202) nearly 100% animals.Similar results were obtained B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), B.1.617(Delta) [15,17,18].Airborne was associated high levels tissues animal, when tested, seroconversion (Fig 1).Certain amino acid mutations (D614G N501Y) found receptor-binding domain spike protein many improved [19-22].Late

Language: Английский

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The Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern also affects companion animals

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 12, 2022

The emergence of the Omicron variant (B.1. 1.529) has brought with it an increase in incidence SARS-CoV-2 disease. However, there is hardly any data on its companion animals. We have detected presence this new domestic animals (dogs and cats) living infected owners Spain. None RT-qPCR positive (10.13%) presented clinical signs viral loads were low. In addition, shedding RNA lasted a short period time Infection concern (VOC) was confirmed by sequencing. These outcomes suggest lower virulence cats dogs. They also demonstrate transmission from humans to highlight importance active surveillance as well genomic research detect VOCs or mutations associated animal hosts.

Language: Английский

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COVID is spreading in deer. What does that mean for the pandemic?

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 604(7907), P. 612 - 615

Published: April 26, 2022

Language: Английский

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Reduced Pathogenicity and Transmission Potential of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Sublineages Compared with the Early Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 D614G Variant in Syrian Hamsters

The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 227(10), P. 1143 - 1152

Published: July 1, 2022

Abstract Background The epidemiological advantage of Omicron variant is evidenced by its rapid spread and the ability to outcompete prior variants. Among sublineages, early outbreaks were dominated BA.1, while BA.2 has gained dominance since February 2022. relative pathogenicity transmissibility BA.1 have not been fully defined. Methods We compared viral loads clinical signs in Syrian hamsters after infection with BA.2, or D614G variant. A competitive transmission model next-generation sequencing used compare potential BA.2. Results caused no apparent signs, more than 10% weight loss. Higher detected nasal wash samples turbinate lung tissues from BA.1-inoculated BA.2-inoculated hamsters. No aerosol was observed for under experimental condition which transmitted efficiently. able transmit among via direct contact; however, efficiently model. recombination contacts exposed simultaneously Conclusions demonstrated attenuated reduced SARS-CoV-2 strains.

Language: Английский

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Structural analysis of receptor engagement and antigenic drift within the BA.2 spike protein

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 111964 - 111964

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The BA.2 sub-lineage of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant rapidly supplanted original BA.1 in early 2022. Both lineages threatened efficacy vaccine-elicited antibodies and acquired increased binding to several mammalian ACE2 receptors. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis spike (S) glycoprotein complex with mouse (mACE2) identifies BA.1- BA.2-mutated residues Q493R, N501Y, Y505H as complementing non-conserved between human ACE2, rationalizing enhanced S protein-mACE2 interaction for variants. Cryo-EM structures S-human extensively mutated amino-terminal domain (NTD) reveal a dramatic reorganization highly antigenic N1 loop into β-strand, providing an explanation decreased protein isolated from BA.1-convalescent patients. Our reveals structural mechanisms underlying drift evolving landscape.

Language: Английский

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Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 16, 2023

While SARS-CoV-2 has sporadically infected a wide range of animal species worldwide1, the virus been repeatedly and frequently detected in white-tailed deer North America2â€"7. The zoonotic origins this pandemic highlight need to fill vast gaps our knowledge ecology evolution non-human hosts. Here, we was introduced from humans into more than 30 times Ohio, USA during November 2021-March 2022. Subsequently, deer-to-deer transmission persisted for 2-8 months, which disseminated across hundreds kilometers. We discovered that alpha delta variants evolved at three-times rate observed humans. Newly developed Bayesian phylogenetic methods quantified how is not only faster but driven by different mutational biases selection pressures. White-tailed are just short-term recipients human viral diversity serve as reservoirs other evolve new directions after going extinct long-term effect accelerated evolutionary remains be seen no critical phenotypic changes were model experiments using viruses isolated deer. Still, have transmitted populations relatively short duration, risk future may serious consequences livestock.

Language: Английский

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