Functional Neuroanatomy of the Basal Ganglia

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 2(12), P. a009621 - a009621

Published: Oct. 15, 2012

The "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well other roles such learning, executive functions and behaviors, emotions. Proposed more than two decades ago, the classical basal ganglia model shows how information flows through back cortex pathways with opposing effects proper execution movement. Although much has remained, been modified amplified emergence new data. Furthermore, parallel circuits subserve engaging associative limbic territories. Disruption network forms basis several movement disorders. This article provides comprehensive account functional anatomy chemistry major pathophysiological changes underlying disorders We try answer three key questions related ganglia, follows: What are ganglia? they made of? How do work? Some insight on canonical is provided, together selection paradoxes some views over horizon in field.

Language: Английский

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Striatal circuits for reward learning and decision-making

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(8), P. 482 - 494

Published: June 6, 2019

Language: Английский

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The Anatomy of Inference: Generative Models and Brain Structure

Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Nov. 13, 2018

To infer the causes of its sensations, brain must call on a generative (predictive) model. This necessitates passing local messages between populations neurons to update beliefs about hidden variables in world beyond sensory samples. It also entails inferences how we will act. Active inference is principled framework that frames perception and action as approximate Bayesian inference. has been successful accounting for wide range physiological behavioural phenomena. Recently, process theory emerged attempts relate their neurobiological substrates. In this paper, review develop anatomical aspects theory. We argue form models required constrains way which regions connect one another. Specifically, neuronal representing variable receive input from Markov blanket variable. illustrate idea four different domains: perception, planning, attention, movement. doing so, attempt show appealing enables us account architectures. Ultimately, committing an ensures can empirical hypotheses be tested using neuroimaging, neuropsychological, electrophysiological experiments.

Language: Английский

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The basal ganglia and the cerebellum in human emotion

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 15(5), P. 599 - 613

Published: May 1, 2020

Abstract The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum historically have been relegated to a functional role in producing or modulating motor output. Recent research, however, has emphasized importance of these subcortical structures multiple domains, including affective processes such as emotion recognition, subjective feeling elicitation reward valuation. pathways through thalamus that connect BG directly each other with extensive regions cortex provide structural basis for their combined influence on limbic function. By regulating cortical oscillations guide learning strengthening rewarded behaviors thought patterns achieve desired goal state, can shape way an individual emotional stimuli. This review will discuss basic structure function propose updated view human processing.

Language: Английский

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The Biology and Pathobiology of Glutamatergic, Cholinergic, and Dopaminergic Signaling in the Aging Brain

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: July 13, 2021

The elderly population is growing worldwide, with important health and socioeconomic implications. Clinical experimental studies on aging have uncovered numerous changes in the brain, such as decreased neurogenesis, increased synaptic defects, greater metabolic stress, enhanced inflammation. These are associated cognitive decline neurobehavioral deficits. Although not a disease, it significant risk factor for functional worsening, affective impairment, disease exaggeration, dementia, general susceptibility. Conversely, life events related to mental stress trauma can also lead accelerated age-associated disorders dementia. Here, we review human mice rats, those modeling neurodegenerative diseases, that helped elucidate (1) dynamics mechanisms underlying biological pathological of main projecting systems brain (glutamatergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic) (2) effect defective glutamatergic, dopaminergic projection disabilities disorders, Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases. Detailed knowledge age-related diseases be an element development effective ways treatment. In this context, briefly analyze which adverse glutaminergic could targeted by therapeutic strategies developed result our better understanding these damaging mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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Distinct roles for motor cortical and thalamic inputs to striatum during motor skill learning and execution

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(8)

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed network, spanning cortical subcortical brain areas. sensorimotor striatum is an important cog in this yet the roles its two main inputs, from cortex thalamus, remain largely unknown. To address this, we silenced inputs rats trained on task that results highly stereotyped idiosyncratic movement patterns. While striatal-projecting neurons were critical for learning these skills, silencing pathway after had no effect performance. In contrast, thalamus disrupted learned causing to revert species-typical pressing behaviors preventing them relearning task. These show distinct suggest their interaction underlies experience-dependent changes circuits.

Language: Английский

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From Pathogenesis to Therapeutics: A Review of 150 Years of Huntington’s Disease Research

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(16), P. 13021 - 13021

Published: Aug. 21, 2023

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine-coding (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD behaves as highly penetrant dominant likely acting through toxic gain of function mutant protein. Widespread cellular degeneration medium spiny neurons caudate nucleus and putamen are responsible for onset symptomology that encompasses motor, cognitive, behavioural abnormalities. Over past 150 years research since George Huntington published his description, plethora pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed with key themes including excitotoxicity, dopaminergic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic defects, disruption proteostasis, transcriptional dysregulation, neuroinflammation. Despite identification characterisation causative gene mutation significant advances our understanding pathology recent years, disease-modifying intervention has not yet clinically approved. This review includes overview disease, from its aetiology to clinical presentation manifestation. An updated view molecular latest therapeutic developments will also be discussed.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis of DJ-1/PARK7-Mediated Parkinson’s Disease

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 296 - 296

Published: Feb. 6, 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common movement disorder associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Mutations PD-associated gene PARK7 alter structure and function encoded protein DJ-1, resulting autosomal recessively inherited increases risk developing PD. DJ-1 was first discovered 1997 as an oncogene early-onset PD 2003. account for approximately 1% all occurrences, functions have been studied extensively. In healthy subjects, acts antioxidant oxidative stress sensor several neuroprotective mechanisms. It also involved mitochondrial homeostasis, regulation apoptosis, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), dopamine homeostasis by regulating various signaling pathways, transcription factors, molecular chaperone functions. While protects against damaging reactive oxygen species, neurotoxins, mutant α-synuclein, mutations may lead to inefficient neuroprotection progression As current therapies treat only symptoms PD, development that directly inhibit stress-induced neuronal cell death critical. has proposed potential therapeutic target, while oxidized could operate biomarker this paper, we review role pathogenesis highlighting some its key consequences dysfunction.

Language: Английский

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Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease: Expanding views

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 59, P. 16 - 52

Published: Sept. 26, 2015

Language: Английский

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Increased thalamic resting‐state connectivity as a core driver of LSD‐induced hallucinations

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 136(6), P. 648 - 657

Published: Sept. 21, 2017

It has been proposed that the thalamocortical system is an important site of action hallucinogenic drugs and essential component neural correlates consciousness. Hallucinogenic such as LSD can be used to induce profoundly altered states consciousness, it thus interest test effects these on this system.100 μg was administrated orally 20 healthy participants prior fMRI assessment. Whole brain thalamic functional connectivity measured using ROI-to-ROI ROI-to-voxel approaches. Correlation analyses were explore relationships between regions involved in auditory visual hallucinations subjective ratings drug effects.LSD caused significant alterations all dimensions 5D-ASC scale significantly increased various cortical regions. Furthermore, LSD-induced measures thalamus right fusiform gyrus insula correlated with effects.Hallucinogenic might provoked by facilitations excitability via interactions. Our findings have implications for understanding mechanism provide further insight into role 5-HT2A -receptor

Language: Английский

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