Alopecia Areata: an Update on Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 61(3), P. 403 - 423

Published: Aug. 17, 2021

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of microbe-immune system dialogue within the skin

Genes and Immunity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(5-6), P. 276 - 288

Published: May 15, 2021

Abstract The prevalence and severity of dermatological conditions such as atopic dermatitis have increased dramatically during recent decades. Many the factors associated with an altered risk developing inflammatory skin disorders also been shown to alter composition diversity non-pathogenic microbial communities that inhabit human host. While most densely populated organ is gut, culture non-culture-based technologies revealed a dynamic community bacteria, fungi, viruses mites exist on healthy skin, which change disease. In this review, we highlight some findings mechanisms through microbes interact each other signalling systems mediate communication between immune system skin-associated microbes. addition, summarize ongoing clinical studies are targeting microbiome in patients disorders. significant efforts still required decipher underpinning host-microbe relevant health, it likely disease-related communities, or Dermatypes, will help identify personalized treatments appropriate reconstitution strategies.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial DNA on the skin surface overrepresents the viable skin microbiome

eLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 19, 2023

The skin microbiome provides vital contributions to human health. However, the spatial organization and viability of its bacterial components remain unclear. Here, we apply culturing, imaging, molecular approaches mouse samples, find that surface is colonized by fewer viable bacteria than predicted DNA levels. Instead, skin-associated are predominantly located in hair follicles other cutaneous invaginations. Furthermore, show has a uniquely low fraction compared sites, indicating most on not associated with cells Additionally, small number families dominate each site traditional sequencing methods overestimate both richness diversity microbiome. Finally, performed an vivo perturbation-recovery study using volunteers. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that, while remarkably stable even wake aggressive perturbation, repopulation driven underlying population. Our findings help explain dynamics perturbation as can be transiently perturbed but replenished These results address multiple outstanding questions biology significant implications for future efforts manipulate it.

Language: Английский

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Deciphering the Complex Immunopathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 5652 - 5652

Published: May 22, 2024

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder in which the proximal hair follicle (HF) attack results non-scarring partial to total scalp or body loss. Despite growing knowledge about AA, its exact cause still needs be understood. However, immunity and genetic factors are affirmed critical AA development. While genome-wide association studies proved innate acquired involvement, mouse models implicated IFN-γ- cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response as main drivers of disease pathogenesis. The loss caused by inflammation HF area, disturbing function disrupting growth cycle without destroying follicle. Thus, privilege, autoimmune destruction mediated mechanisms, upregulation inflammatory pathways play a crucial role. associated with concurrent systemic disorders such atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, psoriasis, thyroiditis. Likewise, patient’s quality life (QoL) significantly impaired morphologic disfigurement illness. patients experience negative impact on psychological well-being self-esteem may more likely suffer from psychiatric comorbidities. This manuscript aims present latest pathogenesis involves genetic, epigenetic, immunological, environmental factors, particular emphasis immunopathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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The Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Review

Dermatology and Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 39 - 52

Published: Nov. 26, 2020

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic autoinflammatory skin disease. It characterised by the development of abscesses and nodules in intertriginous anatomical sites. Whilst it now recognised as an condition rather than infective disease, bacteria are implicated disease pathogenesis. We performed search literature from inception to 12 August 2020 using terms “hidradenitis suppurativa”, “Verneuil’s disease”, “acne inversa”, “microbiome”, “bacteriology” “microbiology”. Studies were included if they assessed cutaneous, gut or oral bacteria, bacteriology microbiome hidradenitis suppurativa. Twenty-one studies examining cutaneous two gastrointestinal HS identified. No A total 972 patients 46 healthy controls across microbiome. 100 36 both studies. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, anaerobes such Porphyromonas Prevotella, Staphylococcus aureus species commonly encountered organisms The limited, with one small study demonstrating alteration composition compared controls. other found no those inflammatory bowel (IBD) HS, IBD and/or psoriasis. Research should be undertaken into HS. Further research its relationship documented co-morbidities. Additionally, metagenomics-focused may help identify between microorganisms host, this shed light on new pathways This potential future therapeutic targets.

Language: Английский

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Skin Microbiome, Metabolome and Skin Phenome, from the Perspectives of Skin as an Ecosystem

Phenomics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2(6), P. 363 - 382

Published: Oct. 10, 2022

Abstract Skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by millions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. microbiota believed to exert critical functions in maintaining host skin health. Profiling the structure microbial community first step overview ecosystem. However, composition highly individualized extremely complex. To explore fundamental factors driving complexity ecosystem, namely selection pressures, we review present studies on microbiome from perspectives ecology. This summarizes following: (1) substances/nutrients cutaneous ecological environment that are derived environment, highlighting their proposed function microbiota; (2) features dominant commensals occupy niches, through self-adaptation microbe–microbe interactions; (3) how microbes, structures or bioactive molecules, reshape phenotypes, immunity, maintenance physiology such as pH hydration, ultraviolet (UV) protection, odor production, wound healing. aims re-examine host–microbe interactions hopefully give new inspiration this field.

Language: Английский

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Controlling skin microbiome as a new bacteriotherapy for inflammatory skin diseases

Inflammation and Regeneration, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 42(1)

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Abstract The skin serves as the interface between human body and environment interacts with microbial community. microbiota consists of microorganisms, such bacteria, fungi, mites, viruses, they fluctuate depending on microenvironment defined by anatomical location physiological function. balance interactions host plays a pivotal role in orchestration homeostasis; however, disturbance due to an alteration communities, namely, dysbiosis, leads various disorders. Recent developments sequencing technology have provided new insights into structure function communities. Based high-throughput analysis, growing evidence indicates that treatment using live termed bacteriotherapy, is feasible therapeutic option for cutaneous diseases caused dysbiosis. In particular, administration specific bacterial strains has been investigated exclusionary strategy against pathogens associated chronic disorders, whereas safety, efficacy, sustainability this approach isolated bacteria need be further explored. review, we summarize our current understanding microbiota, well strategies characterized inflammatory diseases. ecosystem formed consortium still largely unexplored; advances at strain level will lead development methods.

Language: Английский

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How Our Microbiome Influences the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

Genes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 1860 - 1860

Published: Oct. 14, 2022

Alopecia areata is a multifactorial autoimmune-based disease with complex pathogenesis. As in all autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition key. The collapse of the immune privilege hair follicle leading to scalp loss major pathogenic event alopecia areata. microbiota considered bacterial ecosystem located specific area human body could somehow influence pathogenesis areata, as it occurs other diseases. Moreover, Next Generation Sequencing 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic methodology have provided an excellent characterization microbiota. aim this narrative review examine published literature on cutaneous intestinal be able establish link. In review, we summarize development We first introduce general mechanisms that cause understand may exert then studies been carried out what type gut skin found patients disease.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic effects of short-chain fatty acids from the large intestine on host cells

microLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Adult humans harbor at least as many microbial cells eukaryotic ones. The largest compartment of this diverse population, the gut microbiota, encompasses collection bacteria, archaea, viruses, and organisms that populate gastrointestinal tract, represents a complex dynamic ecosystem has been increasingly implicated in health disease. microbiota carries ∼100-to-150-times more genes than human genome is intimately involved development, homeostasis, Of several metabolites have studied, short-chain fatty acids emerge group molecules shape gene expression types by multiple mechanisms, which include DNA methylation changes, histone post-translational modifications, microRNA-mediated silencing. Butyric acid, one most extensively studied acids, reaches higher concentrations colonic lumen, where it provides source energy for healthy colonocytes, its decrease towards bottom crypts, stem reside. lower butyric acid concentration crypts allows undifferentiated cells, such to progress through cell cycle, pointing importance providing them with protective niche. In cancerous metabolize relatively little mostly rely on glycolysis, preferentially acts deacetylase inhibitor, leading decreased proliferation increased apoptosis. A better understanding interface between epigenetic changes promises unravel detail processes occur physiologically part disease, help develop novel biomarkers, identify new therapeutic modalities.

Language: Английский

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Disturbances in the Skin Homeostasis: Wound Healing, an Undefined Process

Cosmetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 90 - 90

Published: June 4, 2024

This review was written with the aim of examining effects that cause an insult, such as a wound, to organ, skin. Before cellular mechanisms relating wound healing, reader is invited read about structure skin necessary basis for understanding final this review. The phenomena healing addressed, taking into account updated literature addresses numerous problems microenvironment. Starting from awareness, paragraphs dedicated become complicated when phenomenon not implemented and therefore while chronic wounds, keloids, hypertrophic scars are these pathologies still difficult understand treat today.

Language: Английский

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