Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review

Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 277 - 312

Published: Dec. 13, 2019

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of neurodevelopment—the dimensional model stress acceleration model—in a systematic review 109 studies using MRI-based measures neural structure function in children adolescents. Consistent with model, exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampal volume heightened amygdala activation majority studies; these patterns were not observed consistently deprivation. In contrast, altered frontoparietal regions deprivation but threat. Evidence for accelerated development amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited other metrics neurodevelopment. Progress charting neurodevelopmental consequences requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, more precise assessments adversity.

Language: Английский

---

Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 372 - 384

Published: April 28, 2021

Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability material and social resources, is one strongest predictors lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only outcome but also pace brain development. We argue higher protracted structural development prolonged trajectory functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. hypothesize greater exposure chronic stress accelerates maturation, whereas access novel positive decelerates maturation. discuss impact variation on plasticity learning. provide generative theoretical framework catalyse future basic science translational research environmental influences Evidence suggests can its rate. Tooley, Bassett Mackey this suggest valence frequency early interact influence

Language: Английский

---

Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies

Clinical Psychology Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 83, P. 101933 - 101933

Published: Oct. 19, 2020

Language: Английский

---

Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

---

Promoting youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. e0255294 - e0255294

Published: Aug. 11, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced novel stressors into the lives of youth. Identifying factors that protect against onset psychopathology in face these is critical. We examine a wide range may youth from developing during pandemic. assessed pandemic-related stressors, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, potential protective by combining two longitudinal samples children adolescents (N = 224, 7–10 13–15 years) prior to pandemic, stay-at-home orders, six months later. evaluated how family behaviors orders were related changes identified moderate association with determined whether associations varied age. Internalizing increased substantially Higher exposure was associated increases symptoms early Having structured routine, less passive screen time, lower news media about lesser extent more time nature getting adequate sleep reduced psychopathology. between for youths limited absent children, but not adolescents, consumption provide insight simple, practical steps families can take promote resilience mental health problems following stressors.

Language: Английский

---

State-level macro-economic factors moderate the association of low income with brain structure and mental health in U.S. children

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: May 2, 2023

Abstract Macrostructural characteristics, such as cost of living and state-level anti-poverty programs relate to the magnitude socioeconomic disparities in brain development mental health. In this study we leveraged data from Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) 10,633 9-11 year old youth (5115 female) across 17 states. Lower income was associated with smaller hippocampal volume higher internalizing psychopathology. These associations were stronger states living. However, high that provide more generous cash benefits for low-income families, reduced by 34%, association family resembled lowest We observed similar patterns State-level may be confounded other factors related neurodevelopment robust controls numerous social, economic, political characteristics. findings suggest macrostructural including generosity policies, are potentially relevant addressing relationship low

Language: Английский

---

Hidden talents in harsh environments

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 34(1), P. 95 - 113

Published: July 16, 2020

Abstract Although early-life adversity can undermine healthy development, children growing up in harsh environments may develop intact, or even enhanced , skills for solving problems high-adversity contexts (i.e., “hidden talents”). Here we situate the hidden talents model within a larger interdisciplinary framework. Summarizing theory and research on talents, propose that stress-adapted represent form of adaptive intelligence enables individuals to function constraints harsh, unpredictable environments. We discuss alignment with current knowledge about human brain development following early adversity; examine potential applications this perspective multiple sectors concerned youth from environments, including education, social services, juvenile justice; compare contemporary developmental resilience models. conclude approach offers exciting new directions adaptations childhood adversity, translational implications leveraging more effectively tailor jobs, interventions fit needs potentials diverse range life circumstances. This affords well-rounded view people who live avoids stigma communicates novel, distinctive, strength-based message.

Language: Английский

---

An ecological approach to understanding the developing brain: Examples linking poverty, parenting, neighborhoods, and the brain.

American Psychologist, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 75(9), P. 1245 - 1259

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

We describe an ecological approach to understanding the developing brain, with a focus on effects of poverty-related adversity brain function. articulate how combining multilevel models from developmental science and psychopathology human neuroscience can inform our risk resilience. To illustrate this approach, we associations between poverty function, roles parents neighborhoods play in context, potential impact timing. also major challenges needed advances these areas research better understand why may including need for: population greater attention sampling representation, genetically informed causal designs, assessing context caution interpretation effects, Work area has implications for policy prevention, which are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Language: Английский

---

The role of the visual association cortex in scaffolding prefrontal cortex development: A novel mechanism linking socioeconomic status and executive function

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 39, P. 100699 - 100699

Published: Aug. 8, 2019

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with executive function (EF) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) development. However, understanding of the specific aspects SES that influence development EF PFC remains limited. We briefly review existing literature on proposed mechanisms linking EF. Then, we present a novel conceptual model arguing early cognitive stimulation shapes propose drives lower-level sensory perceptual processes may impact through reciprocal connections between ventral visual stream PFC. argue caregivers guide attention associative learning, which provides children opportunity to regulate gain semantic knowledge. This experience in turn allows for opportunities train resolve conflict stimuli overlapping features engage increasingly complex computations as processing systems develop; this lay groundwork evidence end by highlighting how could launch future research questions.

Language: Английский

---

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) during COVID‐19 boosts growth in language and executive function

Infant and Child Development, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 30(4)

Published: May 21, 2021

Abstract High‐quality, centre‐based education and care during the early years benefit cognitive development, especially in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. During COVID‐19 pandemic its associated lockdowns, access to childhood (ECEC) was disrupted. We investigate how this period affected developmental advantages typically offered by ECEC. Using parent‐report data 189 families living UK, we explore associations between time spent ECEC 8‐to‐36‐month‐olds, their socioeconomic background, growth language executive functions Spring Winter 2020. Receptive vocabulary greater who continued attend period, with a stronger positive effect for less advantaged The of (CEFs) boosted attendance regardless background. Our findings highlight importance high‐quality development key skills levelling inequalities.

Language: Английский

---