The Threat of the Combined Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors in Forestry Under a Changing Climate

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 30, 2020

Plants encounter several biotic and abiotic stresses, usually in combination. This results major economic losses agriculture forestry every year. Climate change aggravates the adverse effects of combined stresses increases such losses. Trees suffer even more from recurrence stress combinations owing to their long lifecycle. Despite effort study damage individual factors, less attention has been given effect complex interactions between multiple stresses. In this review, we assess importance, impact, mitigation strategies climate driven forestry. The ecological importance under different is highlighted by contribution decline global forest area through direct indirect roles loss biodiversity resulting local extinction endangered species trees, emission biogenic volatile organic compounds, reduction productivity quality products services. factors as high temperature drought increase disease insect pest outbreaks, decrease growth cause tree mortality. Reports massive mortality events caused “hotter droughts” are increasing all over world, affecting genera trees including some most important plantation forests, Pine, Poplar, Eucalyptus . While pests, pathogens, parasitic plants have reported be associated with many these events, a considerable number reports not taken into account factors. available also tend undermine interactive Thus, discussion centers on based research innovation, which build models previously used curb

Language: Английский

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Acute Drought Is an Important Driver of Bark Beetle Infestation in Austrian Norway Spruce Stands

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 2

Published: July 17, 2019

Infestations of Norway spruce by the Eurasian bark beetle Ips typographus have recently caused peaks in salvaged timber Central European forests. Apart from extensive breeding material due to abiotic disturbance, increased spring and summer temperatures as well precipitation deficits are presumably key drivers population dynamics. In this study, we investigated influence effective temperature sums, chronic acute drought stress, stand characteristics for explaining salvage logging attack stands Austrian Federal Forests. We retrospectively simulated transpiration deficit proxy use monitoring tool PHENIPS-TDEF, a well-proven phenology model, combined with an additional hydrological module developed simulating (TDEF) forest stands. Overall, found that infestation occurred more frequently high share spruce, age density. The probability ongoing attacks was significantly higher subject previous year. Chronically dry described inventory database growing on shallow, xeric, low moisture soil conditions, were less prone across all enterprises. However, indicated significant predictor attacks, especially geographically located warmer drier areas country. Although importance TDEF parameters differed geographic location observation period, clear increase 2015 principally linked year's actual deficits. conclude our results absence severe disturbance combination ample host availability, favorable conditions development, disposition trees stress can intensify growth very likely lead mass outbreaks.

Language: Английский

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Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought

Journal of Pest Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 94(3), P. 591 - 614

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

Abstract Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted heat, wind throw drought. Here, we review current knowledge on I. interactions from perspective drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour beetles, with multi-level effects symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular behavioural perspectives, provide a comprehensive picture this complex, multitrophic system in light climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that strongly affected physiological stress such as Spruce contains numerous terpenoid phenolic substances, which important for aggregation attack success. Abiotic stressors increased temperatures drought affect composition, amounts emission rates volatile compounds. Thus, events may influence olfactory responses , further pheromone communication enabling attack. In addition, is associated fungal symbionts multiple life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade toxins, help exhaust tree defences, semiochemicals, possibly nutrition. As various associates have different temperature optima, they can performance differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, discuss why tree-killing beetles still poorly understood an outlook future research eruptive species using both, field laboratory experiments.

Language: Английский

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A First Assessment of Canopy Cover Loss in Germany’s Forests after the 2018–2020 Drought Years

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 562 - 562

Published: Jan. 25, 2022

Central Europe was hit by several unusually strong periods of drought and heat between 2018 2020. These droughts affected forest ecosystems. Cascading effects with bark beetle infestations in spruce stands were fatal to vast areas Germany. We present the first assessment canopy cover loss Germany for period January 2018–April 2021. Our approach makes use dense Sentinel-2 Landsat-8 time-series data. computed disturbance index (DI) from tasseled cap components brightness, greenness, wetness. Using quantiles, we generated monthly DI composites calculated anomalies a reference (2017). From resulting map, statistics administrative entities. results show 501,000 ha Germany, large regional differences. The losses largest central reached up two-thirds coniferous some districts. map has high spatial (10 m) temporal (monthly) resolution can be updated at any time.

Language: Английский

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Drought increases Norway spruce susceptibility to the Eurasian spruce bark beetle and its associated fungi

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 242(3), P. 1000 - 1017

Published: March 3, 2024

Summary Drought affects the complex interactions between Norway spruce, bark beetle Ips typographus and associated microorganisms. We investigated interplay of tree water status, defense carbohydrate reserves with incidence attack infection fungi in mature spruce trees. installed roofs to induce a 2‐yr moderate drought managed stand examine maximum 10 roof control trees for resin flow (RF), predawn twig potentials, terpene, phenolic concentrations, borings field bioassays before after inoculation Endoconidiophora polonica Grosmannia penicillata . Drought‐stressed showed more attacks significantly longer fungal lesions than controls, but maintained terpene defenses at predrought levels. Reduced RF lower mono‐ diterpene, not concentrations were linked increased host selection. Bark stimulated chemical defenses, yet G. reduced contents. Chemical did decrease under mild, prolonged our simulated small‐scale biotic infestations. However, during natural mass attacks, reductions carbon fixation drought, combination consumption carbohydrates, may deplete facilitate colonization by I.

Language: Английский

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Understanding bark beetle outbreaks: exploring the impact of changing temperature regimes, droughts, forest structure, and prospects for future forest pest management

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 257 - 290

Published: May 23, 2024

Abstract Climate change has increased the susceptibility of forest ecosystems, resulting in escalated decline globally. As one largest biomasses Northern Hemisphere, Eurasian boreal forests are subjected to frequent drought, windthrow, and high-temperature disturbances. Over last century, bark beetle outbreaks have emerged as a major biotic threat these forests, extensive tree mortality. Despite implementing various management strategies mitigate populations reduce mortality, none been effective. Moreover, altered disturbance regimes due changing climate facilitated success attacks with shorter multivoltine life cycles, consequently inciting more beetle-caused This review explores population dynamics context change, stand dynamics, strategies. Additionally, it examines recent advancements like remote sensing canine detection infested trees focuses on cutting-edge molecular approaches including RNAi-nanoparticle complexes, RNAi-symbiotic microbes, sterile insect technique, CRISPR/Cas9-based methods. These diverse novel potential effectively address challenges associated managing beetles improving health response climate.

Language: Английский

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Storms, temperature maxima and the Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—An infernal trio in Norway spruce forests of the Central European High Tatra Mountains

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 242, P. 85 - 95

Published: May 3, 2017

Language: Английский

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Globally consistent climate sensitivity of natural disturbances across boreal and temperate forest ecosystems

Ecography, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43(7), P. 967 - 978

Published: March 29, 2020

Disturbance regimes are changing in forests across the world response to global climate change. Despite profound impacts of disturbances on ecosystem services and biodiversity, assessments at scale remain scarce. Here, we analyzed natural boreal temperate forest ecosystems for period 2001–2014, aiming 1) quantify their within‐ between‐biome variation 2) compare sensitivity biomes. We studied 103 unmanaged landscapes with a total land area 28.2 × 10 6 ha, distributed five continents. A consistent comprehensive quantification was derived by combining satellite‐based disturbance maps local expert knowledge agents. used Gaussian finite mixture models identify clusters similar activity as indicated percent disturbed well size, edge density perimeter–area‐ratio patches. The using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effect globally dataset. Within‐biome high both biomes, patterns did not vary systematically latitude or biome. emergent zone were those zone, but more likely experience than counterparts. Across biomes particularly associated wildfire, consistently linked years warmer drier average conditions. Natural key driver variability ecosystems, similarity between universally indicates that future change could substantially increase activity.

Language: Английский

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Sentinel‐2 accurately maps green‐attack stage of European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) compared with Landsat‐8

Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 87 - 106

Published: Aug. 25, 2018

Abstract Natural disturbances induced by insect outbreaks have increased in forest ecosystems over the past decades. To minimize economic loss and prevent a mass outbreak, early detection of bark beetle green attack – period when trees yet to show visual signs infestation stress is therefore crucial effective timely management. In this study, we evaluated ability spectral vegetation indices extracted from Landsat‐8 Sentinel‐2 imagery map using principal component analysis ( PCA ) partial least square discriminate PLS ‐ DA ). A recent produced through interpretation high‐resolution aerial photographs validated final output maps. Leaf measurements alongside total chlorophyll nitrogen concentration, leaf water content dry matter were measured assess impact on foliar properties. We observed that majority SVI s) calculated Sentinel‐2, particularly red‐edge dependent NDRE 2 3) water‐related SR SWIR , NDWI DSWI LWCI ), able healthy infested plots. contrast, only RDI between plots efficiently. The number pixels identified as harboring matched with ground truth data (aerial photography) was higher for (67%) than (36%) s, indicating elevated sensitivity changes attack. also determined significantly P < 0.05) green‐attacked trees. Our study highlights potential infestations production reliable maps at green‐attack stage.

Language: Английский

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Natural disturbances are spatially diverse but temporally synchronized across temperate forest landscapes in Europe

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 1201 - 1211

Published: Sept. 7, 2017

Abstract Natural disturbance regimes are changing substantially in forests around the globe. However, large‐scale change is modulated by a considerable spatiotemporal variation within biomes. This remains incompletely understood particularly temperate of Europe, for which consistent information lacking. Here, our aim was to quantify patterns forest disturbances across landscapes Europe using remote sensing data and determine their underlying drivers. Specifically, we tested two hypotheses: (1) Topography determines spatial disturbance, (2) climatic extremes synchronize natural biome. We used novel Landsat‐based maps 1986–2016 combination with landscape analysis compare five unmanaged varying topographic complexity. Furthermore, analyzed annual estimates synchronies influence on temporal patterns. Spatial substantial landscapes. With increasing complexity, patches were smaller, more complex shape, dispersed, affected smaller portion landscape. Temporal patterns, however, strongly synchronized all landscapes, three distinct waves high activity between 1986 2016. All followed years pronounced drought peak wind speeds. thus spatially diverse but temporally synchronized. conclude that ecological effect (i.e., whether they homogenizing or its heterogeneity) determined template. as strong biome‐wide synchronization closely linked extremes, episodes likely Europe's under climate changes.

Language: Английский

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