Thermal biology of mosquito‐borne disease

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 22(10), P. 1690 - 1708

Published: July 8, 2019

Abstract Mosquito‐borne diseases cause a major burden of disease worldwide. The vital rates these ectothermic vectors and parasites respond strongly nonlinearly to temperature therefore climate change. Here, we review how trait‐based approaches can synthesise mechanistically predict the dependence transmission across vectors, pathogens, environments. We present 11 pathogens transmitted by 15 different mosquito species – including globally important like malaria, dengue, Zika synthesised from previously published studies. Transmission varied unimodally with temperature, peaking at 23–29ºC declining zero below 9–23ºC above 32–38ºC. Different traits restricted low versus high temperatures, effects on both parasite species. Temperate exhibit broader thermal ranges cooler minima optima than tropical pathogens. Among malaria Ross River virus had lower (25–26ºC) while dengue viruses highest (29ºC) optima. expect warming increase but decrease Key directions for future work include linking mechanistic models field transmission, combining control measures, incorporating trait variation variation, investigating adaptation migration.

Language: Английский

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Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 374(1778), P. 20190036 - 20190036

Published: June 17, 2019

Linking variation in species' traits to large-scale environmental gradients can lend insight into the evolutionary processes that have shaped functional diversity and future responses change. Here, we ask how heat cold tolerance vary as a function of latitude, elevation climate extremes, using an extensive global dataset ectotherm endotherm thermal limits, while accounting for methodological acclimation temperature, ramping rate duration exposure among studies. We show previously reported relationships between limits latitude ectotherms are robust methods. Heat terrestrial declined marginally towards higher latitudes did not with elevation, whereas freshwater marine more steeply latitude. By contrast, marine, intertidal, ectotherms, elevations on land. In all realms, both upper lower increased extreme daily suggesting different experienced extremes across realms explain patterns, predicted under Climate Extremes Hypothesis . Statistically improved model fits, slopes ambient temperature. Our results suggest fundamentally patterns found earth's may be largely explained by differences episodic updating macrophysiological ‘rules’. This article is part theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature oxygen’.

Language: Английский

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The Temporal Dynamics of Multiple Stressor Effects: From Individuals to Ecosystems

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(5), P. 402 - 410

Published: Feb. 11, 2021

Multiple anthropogenic stressors rarely overlap in perfect synchrony time, yet most research quantifying how they interact assumes that do.Stressor sequence and the degree of temporal will have implications for ecological memory – influence past on future responses from genes to ecosystems.Adding this complexity, organisms with different generation times experience multiple (and which time) ways.We propose lifespan associated metabolic rates can be used define stressor type (continuous or discrete) focal organisms.Moving forward, we need embrace complexity quantify various realistic asynchronous scenarios alter their cumulative impacts across ecosystems. stressors, such as warming invasions, often occur together nonadditive effects. Most studies date assume operate synchrony, but case reality. Stressor ability responses. Moreover, are usually defined an anthropocentric context: what consider a short-term stressor, flood, span generations microbes. We argue predict individuals whole ecosystem, it is necessary rates, determine timescales at therefore, ultimately, levels organization. Predicting pollution events, warming, novel pathogens, affect natural ecosystems major challenge contemporary ecology. The presence, frequency, magnitude varies over time space, however, independent combined effects individual behavior entire ecosystem processes [1.Ryo M. et al.Basic principles dynamics.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2019; 34: 723-733Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar]. Here, timing duration both initial recovery particularly critical, least important spatial component has been primary focus date. In particular, dynamics events largely overlooked, critically because rarely, if ever, act order shape impacts. Furthermore, do not effects, since 'legacy' previous response its populations) stress. Stressor–response relationships consistent through Time evolutionary adaptation (see Glossary) 'ecological memory'. former refers relatively well-known process selection generations, where species' adapt function better face environmental challenges [2.Pawar S. al.From constraints ecosystems.in: Belgrano A. Aquatic Functional Biodiversity: An Ecological Evolutionary Perspective. Academic Press, 2015: 3-36Crossref (31) Scholar,3.Gibert J.P. al.Scaling-up trait variation ecosystems.Adv. Res. 2015; 52: 1-17Crossref (30) latter phenomenon, population, community, [4.Hughes T.P. al.Ecological modifies impact recurrent climate extremes.Nat. Clim. Chang. 9: 40-43Crossref (159) Scholar,5.Ogle K. al.Quantifying plant processes.Ecol. Lett. 18: 221-235Crossref (214) This include acclimation, parental species sorting due stress, including lagged indirect legacy For instance, recent single-stressor study found marine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exhibit carry-over high CO2 environment, causing offspring perform poorly under conditions differ those experienced by parents (even these new were actually less 'stressful') [6.Schade F.M. al.Within- transgenerational ocean acidification life history three-spined stickleback aculeatus).Mar. Biol. 2014; 161: 1667-1676Crossref (49) At wider community level, another demonstrated severe heatwave 2017 corals Great Barrier Reef shaped preceding year Scholar] (i.e., separated space). Impacts also manifest long after itself disappeared, dispersal limitations interactions (e.g., trophic cascades) [7.Essl F. al.Historical legacies accumulate biodiversity era rapid global change.Divers. Distrib. 21: 534-547Crossref (90) lichen diversity remained unchanged 2.5 years adjacent forest clearance, declined further 14 [8.Johansson V. al.Time-lagged extinction retained buffer strips 16.5 clear-cutting.Biol. Conserv. 2018; 225: 53-65Crossref (10) limitations. Another example Nitrogen Cascade, whereby increased soil nitrogen content (from deposition) causes changes composition, then herbivore, subsequently predator, communities [9.Vogels J.J. al.Can biochemistry stoichiometry explain loss animal heathlands?.Biol. 2017; 212: 432-447Crossref (23) These demonstrate our detect impacts: even may still playing out system facing stressors. Despite being increasingly common focused single level (but see [10.Jackson M.C. al.Net freshwater ecosystems: meta-analysis.Glob. 2016; 22: 180-189Crossref (429) Scholar,11.Bracewell al.Qualifying food web structure Dutch drainage ditches using literature review conceptual models.Sci. Total Environ. 684: 727-740Crossref (20) Scholar]), either comparing locations without simple 'before' 'after' stress states, ignoring oscillations dissipation (Figure 1). Recent reviews discussed importance traits determining Scholar,12.Cator L.J. al.The role vector vector-borne disease dynamics.Front. 2020; 8: 189Crossref Scholar], now recognized critical gauging change impacts, especially terms progressive rises average temperature continue ramp up [13.Wolkovich E.M. al.Temporal ecology Anthropocene.Ecol. 17: 1365-1379Crossref (149) thinking started enter realm empirical [14.Feckler al.History matters: heterotrophic microbial stressors.Glob. 24: e402-e415Crossref (22) Scholar, 15.Gunderson A.R. al.Multiple changing world: improved perspective physiological dynamic environment.Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 357-378Crossref (324) 16.Romero al.Effects river biofilms depend scale.Sci. Rep. 915810Crossref (16) 17.Wu P. al.Timing mitigate resilience.Nat. Commun. 1263Crossref 18.Garnier scale dependent between disturbances microcosm ecosystems.Glob. 23: 5237-5248Crossref (26) introduction framework [15.Gunderson ignored formalized more generally. As first step towards filling knowledge gaps, before start address them combination. Stressors discrete continuous (strength impact) vary 1A). agricultural nutrient oscillates seasonal spikes run-off reflecting farming activity; Figure 1B). By contrast, increases increasing progressively severity ramped stressor; 1C). Since sets pace rate, climatic considered umbrella master all other prevalent world, play [19.Donohue I. al.Navigating stability.Ecol. 19: 1172-1185Crossref (258) 20.Hughes al.Coral reefs Anthropocene.Nature. 546: 82-90Crossref (845) 21.Lewis S.L. Maslin M.A. Defining 519: 171-180Crossref (1291) 22.Ratajczak Z. al.Abrupt systems: inference diagnosis.Trends 33: 513-526Abstract (121) additive (or less) than sum (synergistic antagonistic interactions, respectively). creates huge science policy, century ecotoxicology biomonitoring much smaller subset two typically assumed additivity default [23.Côté I.M. al.Interactions among conservation.Proc. 28320152592Crossref (392) 24.Kroeker K.J. al.Embracing research: confronting context dependence.Biol. 1320160802Crossref (86) 25.Orr J. al.Towards unified concept disciplines.Proc. 28720200421PubMed gross oversimplification, meta-analyses revealed [26.Darling E.S. Cote Quantifying evidence synergies.Ecol. 2008; 11: 1278-1286Crossref (508) Scholar,27.Jackson Interactions invasive animals.Ecology. 96: 2035-2041Crossref (82) aquatic Scholar,28.Nõges al.Quantified biotic abiotic freshwater, ground waters.Sci. 540: 43-52Crossref (146) 29.Ban S.S. al.Evidence coral reefs.Glob. 20: 681-697Crossref (236) 30.Piggott al.Reconceptualizing synergism antagonism stressors.Ecol. 5: 1538-1547Crossref (315) 31.Przeslawski R. al.A meta-analysis embryos larvae.Glob. 2122-2140Crossref (298) terrestrial [32.Dieleman W.I.J. al.Simple rare: quantitative biomass manipulations temperature.Glob. 2012; 2681-2693Crossref (283) Scholar,33.Yue three drivers C:N:P stoichiometry: synthesis.Glob. 2450-2463Crossref (131) realms, although fully understand why arise [25.Orr Some suggests when simultaneously, rule rather exception [34.Dafforn al.Big data opportunities assessing scales ecosystems.Mar. Freshw. 67: 393-413Crossref (56) Beyond overly simplistic scenario synchronous current limited theory constrain mitigate) Discrete might flooding event, present shorter-lived 1D). meaningful think absolute per se. distribution whole. characteristic timescale experience, respond to, perturbations 2). Organisms operating so ways given set particular [36.Saether B.E. al.Generation scaling bird population dynamics.Nature. 2005; 436: 99-102Crossref (142) Therefore, taxonomic composition should arguably overall memory. To get grips this, must able differentially events. end, Metabolic Theories (EMTs), drawn Dynamic Energy Budget Theory Ecology (MTE) frameworks [37.Brown J.H. al.Toward ecology.Ecology. 2004; 85: 1771-1789Crossref (4637) Scholar,38.Kooijman B. Kooijman Organisation. Cambridge University 2010Google provide good starting point. fundamental EMTs describe cells take resources convert into forms growth reproduction, excrete altered forms. stage prediction and, higher biological organization, diversity. Importantly, key interest: time. simplest comes MTE, species,G=G0m1–αeE/kT,[1] G m body mass, α (scaling) constant whole-organism E activation energy, k Boltzmann's (8.62 × 105 eV/K), T kelvin, G0 size- temperature-independent captures sources Scholar,39.Burger J.R. history.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. 116: 26653-26661Crossref (21) 40.McCoy M.W. Gillooly J.F. mortality plants animals.Ecol. 710-716Crossref (109) 41.Munch S.B. Salinas Latitudinal within explained ecology.Proc. 2009; 106: 13860-13864Crossref (128) According determined sizes (physiologically) operational temperatures. multicellular eukaryotes, ≈ 0.75 0.65 significant systematic deviations values unicellular eukaryotes prokaryotes drive lower [42.Kontopoulos D. al.Adaptive evolution shapes present-day thermal sensitivity rate.PLoS 18e3000894Crossref (11) Scholar,43.Smith al.Community-level respiration prokaryotic microbes rise warming.Nat. 10: 5124Crossref Equation 1 stems general inverse relationship mass-specific rate [44.Savage V.M. size growth.Am. Nat. 163: 429-441Crossref (589) Scholar,45.Brown al.Equal fitness paradigm trade-off energy production rate.Nat. 2: 262-268Crossref life-history drives therefore holds great potential help us relevant organism, well response. With EMT foundation, stressor's potentially quantified based times, inferred adult physiology reasons small single-celled alga large fish vastly 1D) mechanisms. example, showed considerable acclimation diverse range taxa, apparently acclimating faster, lesser extent, larger ones [46.Rohr complex breadth ectotherms.Ecol. 1425-1439Crossref (114) (as opposed just ecological) responses, role, faster expected [47.Martin A.P. Palumbi S.R. Body size, molecular clock.Proc. 1993; 90: 4087-4091Crossref (924) one organism predictable measures via mass rule, smaller, short-lived warmer environment would likely fewer perceive ramping, while larger, long-lived colder pulses Ultimately, comprise nested populations, themselves webs, combination activity populations organizational levels. way go individuals, ecosystem-level weighted populations' [43.Smith Scholar,48.Enquist B.J. al.Scaling metabolism ecosystems.Nature. 2003; 423: 639-642Crossref (292) Smith al. weight functional groups according permanently elevate respiration. Such approaches, allow linear up-scaling ecosystems, easily accommodate provided (multivariate) quantified. However, upscaling approach necessarily biomasses relative (such abundances). extended trait-driver theory, allows size) (multiple) dynamically modify [49.Enquist developing driver integrating trait-based theories.Adv. 249-318Crossref (210) Scholar,50.Savage multi-trait-based studying functioning.J. Theor. 2007; 247 (213–212)Crossref (77) currently cannot nontrophic populations. truly multistressor time-varying, nonlinear food-web mediated) needs (Box 1).Box 1Species Temporal StressorsIn addition considering dimension, cascading mediated; I). Nonlinearities generate unpredictable fluctuations interacting propagation stressor-induced producers top consumers). attenuate directionally move differences species. systems (small-bodied fast-lived) algae, observe very base web, time-lagged aggregated (which larger-bodied longer-lived; body-mass I), status abundance.As know affects put bounds 'ripple' upwards (to account dimension effects) disentangle direct IB). Of course, webs simply unidirectional networks: consumers exert top-down control. modulate seen pesticides, nutrients, acidification, change, instance; yet, remains understood. abundance. complexities, nascent state theoretical development field, make empirically predictions about qualitatively mapping onto organisms' ecosystem. hypothesize every depending proportions it, each perceived event) compare 'slow' comprising large, trees) versus 'fast' dominated oceanic phytoplankton), 'zeroth-order' model biomass-weighted expect fundamentally community-level slow fast experiencing another, adding goal, group broad typologies hence capacity envelopes response, (extreme exemplar) cases earlier. How precisely maps open question, progress made decades fairly rules narrow field. strongly size-structured flowing small, abundant, algae) rarer, longer-lived predatory fishes; Box 'trophic-level' there approximate drop transfer 1) similar degrees listed above many well-described allometric here shifts map One could involve resolution spectra techniques next-generation sequencing metabarcoding DNA bulk-sample DNA) obtain detailed information, machine learning images gain complementary distributions [51.Jackson al.Recommendations next monitoring tools.Adv. 55: 615-636Crossref calculate distributed ecologists decide accurately measure Moving effort unraveling temporally occurring points, full resolve 'temporal types' testing models. taken off few Scholar,25.Orr Scholar,52.Tockner coupled river–floodplain ecosystems.Freshw. 2010; 135-151Crossref (288) Scholar,53.Birk al.Impacts biota ecosystems.Nat. 4: 1060-1068Crossref (154) chasm bridged bring greater realism some biggest rapidly world shown beyond perfectly overlapping stressors: sequences, overlap, Outstanding Questions). unrealistic scenarios. dramatically memory, prevalence extension, management conservation ecosystems.Outstanding QuestionsHow order, populations?Does exposure promote erode resilience (through memory) does similarity?Do outcomes dominance affects) comparable acting synchrony?If rescale (rather time), lifespans?How population-level variable ecosystems? populations? Does similarity? Do synchrony? If lifespans? All authors supported Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grants NE/M020843/1 NE/S000348/1 . M.C.J. NERC grant NE/V001396/1 No interests declared. exists any processes. acquisition recombination improve performance survival generations. physiological, morphological, behavioral adjustments certain conditions. effect parts. throughout organism. part experiences consecutive lineages population. phenotype affected parents.

Language: Английский

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Physiological Mechanisms of Acute Upper Thermal Tolerance in Fish

Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 38(3), P. 141 - 158

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

This review is focused on the questions of why fish exhibit heat failure at thermal extremes and which physiological mechanisms determine acute upper tolerance. We propose that rapid direct impacts act through three fundamental molecular reaction rates, protein structure, membrane fluidity. During warming, these effects then lead to loss equilibrium death various cellular, organ, pathways. These pathways include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxygen limitation, impacted excitability excitable cells eventually neural and/or muscular failure. The may also homeostasis subsequent There strong evidence in some species for limitation processes against it other contexts. limiting during warming therefore appear differ between species, life stages, recent history. conclude a single mechanism underpinning tolerance across contexts will not be found. Therefore, we future avenues research can elucidate major patterns limitations fish.

Language: Английский

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Developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance: Ontogenetic variation, persistence, and future directions

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(10), P. 2245 - 2268

Published: Aug. 25, 2022

Understanding the factors affecting thermal tolerance is crucial for predicting impact climate change will have on ectotherms. However, role developmental plasticity plays in allowing populations to cope with extremes poorly understood. Here, we meta-analyse how initially and persistently impacted by early (embryonic juvenile) environments using data from 150 experimental studies 138 ectothermic species. Thermal only increased 0.13°C per 1°C temperature substantial variation (~36%) was result of shared evolutionary history species ecology. Aquatic ectotherms were more than three times as plastic terrestrial Notably, embryos expressed weaker but heterogenous older life stages, numerous responses appearing non-adaptive. While temperatures did not persistent effects overall, vastly under-studied, their direction magnitude varied ontogeny. Embryonic stages may represent a critical window vulnerability changing urge researchers consider when assessing Overall, our synthesis suggests that changes rarely reach levels perfect compensation provide limited benefit environments.

Language: Английский

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Meta-analysis reveals weak but pervasive plasticity in insect thermal limits

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Sept. 8, 2022

Extreme temperature events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Such threaten insects, including pollinators, pests disease vectors. Insect critical thermal limits can be enhanced through acclimation, yet evidence that plasticity aids survival at extreme temperatures is limited. Here, using meta-analyses across 1374 effect sizes, 74 studies 102 species, we show limit pervasive but generally weak: per 1 °C rise acclimation temperature, maximum increases by 0.09 °C; decline, minimum decreases 0.15 °C. Moreover, small significant publication bias suggests the magnitude of marginally overestimated. We find juvenile insects more plastic than adults, highlighting physiological responses vary ontogeny. Overall, likely limited benefit during climatic events, need under-represented taxa geographic regions.

Language: Английский

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Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases

The Lancet Planetary Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(4), P. e270 - e283

Published: April 1, 2024

The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence species decline, emergence infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate biodiversity crises connections between them, but interactions among all three been largely overlooked. Non-linearities dampening reinforcing make considering interconnections essential anticipating challenges. In this Review, we define exemplify causal pathways that link change, loss, disease. A literature assessment case studies show mechanisms certain pairs are better understood than others full triad is rarely considered. Although challenges evaluating these interactions—including a mismatch in scales, data availability, methods—are substantial, current approaches would benefit from expanding scientific cultures embrace interdisciplinarity integrating animal, human, environmental perspectives. Considering suite be transformative for health by identifying potential co-benefits mutually beneficial scenarios, highlighting where narrow on solutions one pressure might aggravate another.

Language: Английский

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An interaction between climate change and infectious disease drove widespread amphibian declines

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 25(3), P. 927 - 937

Published: Nov. 28, 2018

Climate change might drive species declines by altering interactions, such as host-parasite interactions. However, few studies have combined experiments, field data, and historical climate records to provide evidence that an interaction between disease caused any host declines. A recently proposed hypothesis, the thermal mismatch could identify are vulnerable under because it predicts cool- warm-adapted hosts should be at unusually warm cool temperatures, respectively. Here, we conduct experiments on Atelopus zeteki, a critically endangered, captively bred frog prefers relatively show frogs high pathogen loads mortality rates only when exposed combination of pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) predicted hypothesis. Further, tested various hypotheses explain recent experienced in amphibian genus thought associated with B. dendrobatidis reveal these best explained As our rapid increases temperature infectious account for patterns declines, especially adapted environments. After combining declining spatiotemporal field, findings consistent hypothesis widespread including possible extinctions, been driven increasing temperatures disease. Moreover, suggest conditions will most mean emerging diseases.

Language: Английский

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Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 370(6519)

Published: Nov. 20, 2020

Climate change alters disease risks appears to be provoking changes in the patterns and intensity of infectious diseases. For example, when conditions are cool, amphibians from warm climates experience greater burdens infection by chytrid fungus than hosts cool regions. Cohen et al. undertook a global metanalysis 383 studies test whether this “thermal mismatch” hypothesis holds true over gamut host-pathogen relationships. The authors combined date location data with selection host parasite traits weather data. In resulting model, fungal risk increased sharply under cold abnormalities climates, whereas bacterial prevalence climates. Warming is projected benefit helminths more other parasites, viral infections showed less obvious relationships climate change. Science , issue p. eabb1702

Language: Английский

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Physiological acclimation and persistence of ectothermic species under extreme heat events

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 28(7), P. 1018 - 1037

Published: April 15, 2019

Abstract Aim To test if physiological acclimation can buffer species against increasing extreme heat due to climate change. Location Global. Time period 1960 2015. Major taxa studied Amphibians, arthropods, brachiopods, cnidarians, echinoderms, fishes, molluscs, reptiles. Methods We draw together new and existing data quantifying the warm response in 319 as ratio (ARR): increase upper thermal limit per degree experimental temperature. develop worst‐case scenario projections calculate number of years generations gained by ARR until loss safety. further compute a vulnerability score that integrates across variables estimating exposure change species‐specific tolerance through traits, including plasticity, generation time latitudinal range extent. Results is highly variable, but with marked differences taxa, habitats latitude. Polar terrestrial arthropods show high ARRs [95% confidence (UCL95%) = 0.68], do some polar aquatic invertebrates were acclimated for extended durations (ARR > 0.4). While this plasticity buys 100s safety lost, combination long times leads decreased potential evolutionary adaptation. Additionally, 27% marine have no capacity reptiles amphibians minimal (UCL95% 0.16). Low restricted ranges combine distinguish reptiles, being vulnerable amongst ectotherms. Main conclusions In combined effects provide before lost. The accuracy assessments will be improved considering multiple aspects species’ biology that, may persistence under events, probability rescue.

Language: Английский

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