A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix

FEBS Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 288(24), P. 6850 - 6912

Published: Feb. 21, 2021

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3‐dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over last decade ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well cell‐bound factors are among major members family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such collagens, elastin, laminins tenascins, proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, their receptors CD44 integrins, responsible adhesion, comprise well‐organized functional with significant in health disease. On other hand, enzymes metalloproteinases specific glycosidases including heparanase hyaluronidases contribute to remodeling affect human health. Several processes them proliferation survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, immunity regulation affected by certain components. Structural alterations have been also associated disease progression. This guide on composition functions gives broad overview matrisome, macromolecules, interaction networks within surface, summarizes main features tissue organization emphasizes importance constituents development progression advances molecular targeting design new therapeutic strategies.

Language: Английский

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Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate from marine and terrestrial sources: Extraction and purification methods

Carbohydrate Polymers, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 243, P. 116441 - 116441

Published: May 18, 2020

Hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides that have been highly used in biomedical pharmaceutical applications. Extensive research was done to ensure their efficient extraction from marine terrestrial by-products at a high yield purity, using specific techniques isolate purify them. In general, the cartilage is most common source for CS, while vitreous humor main of HA. The developed methods were based general on tissue hydrolysis, removal proteins purification target biopolymers. They differ conditions, enzymes and/or solvents technique. This leads molecular weight sulfation pattern isolated HA CS. review focuses analysis comparison different these biopolymers animal by-products.

Language: Английский

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Ferroptosis-Related Long Noncoding RNAs as Prognostic Marker for Colon Adenocarcinoma

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2022, P. 1 - 19

Published: April 8, 2022

Background. The incidence of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) has been increasing over time. Although ferroptosis and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have extensively reported to participate in the tumorigenesis development COAD, few studies investigated role ferroptosis-related lncRNAs prognosis COAD. Methods. Gene-sequencing clinical data for COAD were obtained from Cancer Genome Atlas database. coexpression network was constructed using known genes. Cox least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression used screen with prognostic value identify a predictive model Patients divided into low- high-risk groups according their risk score. Cases International Consortium database included as testing cohort. Results. In total, nine (LINC02381, AC105219.1, AC009283.1, LINC01011, ELFN1-AS1, EIF3J-DT, NKILA, LINC01063, SNHG16) considered factors Then, score established. overall survival rate patients negatively associated Kaplan–Meier analyses original cohorts showed similar results. expression tissue consistent score, relationship tumor mutation burden, immunity, drug sensitivity presented marked link between signature A nomogram established applications. Conclusions. Nine certain can be potential research targets exploring treatment

Language: Английский

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Dance of The Golgi: Understanding Golgi Dynamics in Cancer Metastasis

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 1484 - 1484

Published: April 28, 2022

The Golgi apparatus is at the center of protein processing and trafficking in normal cells. Under pathological conditions, such as cancer, aberrant dynamics alter tumor microenvironment immune landscape, which enhances invasive metastatic potential cancer Among these changes include altered orientation morphology that contribute to atypical function trafficking, post-translational modification, exocytosis. Golgi-associated gene mutations are ubiquitous across most cancers responsible for modifying become pro-metastatic. pharmacological targeting or its associated genes has been difficult clinic; thus, studying role critical developing novel therapeutic agents limit progression metastasis. In this review, we aim discuss how disrupted cells promotes invasion

Language: Английский

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A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate’s Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications

Molecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(20), P. 7093 - 7093

Published: Oct. 15, 2023

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that extensively distributed in wide variety of organisms. CS great interest to researchers due its many vitro and vivo functions. production derives from diverse number sources, including but not limited extraction various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, fermentation, purity homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity with respect sulfation saccharide content endows this molecule distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute the application medicines, biomaterials, foods. In article, we discuss preparation different structure forms CS, binding other relevant molecules. Moreover, creation applications were reviewed, an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, food supplements. We conclude analyzing some perspectives modifications methods could potentially influence future medical biomaterial research.

Language: Английский

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Targeting Macrophage Polarization for Reinstating Homeostasis following Tissue Damage

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(13), P. 7278 - 7278

Published: July 2, 2024

Tissue regeneration and remodeling involve many complex stages. Macrophages are critical in maintaining micro-environmental homeostasis by regulating inflammation orchestrating wound healing. They display high plasticity response to various stimuli, showing a spectrum of functional phenotypes that vary from M1 (pro-inflammatory) M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. While transient is an essential trigger for tissue healing following injury, sustained (e.g., foreign body implants, diabetes or inflammatory diseases) can hinder cause damage. Modulating macrophage polarization has emerged as effective strategy enhancing immune-mediated promoting better integration implantable materials the host. This article provides overview macrophages' properties followed discussing different strategies modulating polarization. Advances use synthetic natural biomaterials fabricate immune-modulatory highlighted. reveals development clinical application more immunomodulatory systems targeting under pathological conditions will be driven detailed understanding factors regulate biological function order optimize existing methods generate novel control cell phenotype.

Language: Английский

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Engineering Novel DNA Nanoarchitectures for Targeted Drug Delivery and Aptamer Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Therapeutics

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Abstract The specific and potent delivery of anticancer drugs to targeted cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains a critical need maximize on‐target, on‐tumor effects while minimizing off‐tumor toxicities. Herein, the designer DNA architecture (DDA)‐templated drug conjugates (DDA‐DCs) customized are presented deliver daunorubicin (Dau) specifically potently subset CSCs: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leukemic (LSCs) that often maintain minimal residual disease (MRD) cause relapse. These DDA‐DCs target LSCs via CD117‐ CD123‐binding aptamers: aptamers when used alone disrupts MAP Kinase apoptosis signaling pathways, leading 40% reduction in cell viability over 72 h. aptamers, loaded with dsDNA‐intercalating Dau docked DDA platforms, exhibit selective cytotoxicity against CD117 + /CD123 AML cells, achieving effective dosage by 500‐fold ex vivo up 10‐fold models. DDA‐DC strategy confers many advantages other therapies, such as targeting based on surface biomarker profiles (not just individual biomarkers expressed healthy tissues), titratable affinity, pattern matching, multiplexing, multidrug delivery, sensitization. combination these features yields superior efficacies off‐target effects.

Language: Английский

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Distribution and Function of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in the Development, Homeostasis and Pathology of the Ocular Surface

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Aug. 7, 2020

The ocular surface, which forms the interface between eye and external environment, includes cornea, corneoscleral limbus, conjunctiva accessory glands that produce tear film. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) proteoglycans (PGs) have been shown to play important roles in development, hemostasis pathology of surface. Herein we review current literature related distribution function GAGs PGs within with focus on cornea. unique organization ECM components cornea is essential for maintenance corneal transparency function. Many studies described importance epithelial stromal compartment, while very few analyzed endothelial layer. Importantly, be maintaining homeostasis, cell differentiation wound healing, and, more recently, a role has suggested regulating limbal stem cells, innervation, inflammation, angiogenesis lymphangiogenesis. Reports also associated genetic defects pathologies. Thus, highlight different surface as well pathology.

Language: Английский

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Adipocyte-Derived Versican and Macrophage-Derived Biglycan Control Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 31(13), P. 107818 - 107818

Published: June 1, 2020

Obesity is characterized by adipose tissue inflammation. Because proteoglycans regulate inflammation, here we investigate their role in inflammation obesity. We find that versican and biglycan increase Versican produced mainly adipocytes macrophages. Both are also present from obese human subjects undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Deletion of adipocyte-specific or macrophage-specific mice reduces macrophage accumulation chemokine cytokine expression, although only deletion leads to sustained improvement glucose tolerance. Macrophage-derived activates inflammatory genes adipocytes. expression increases cultured exposed excess glucose, adipocyte-conditioned medium stimulates resident peritoneal macrophages, part because a breakdown product, versikine. These findings provide insights into the adipocyte- macrophage-derived

Language: Английский

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Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Protein Interactions and Their Biological Functions in Human Diseases: Implications and Analytical Tools

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 6, 2021

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan (DS) are linear anionic polysaccharides that widely present on the cell surface in matrix connective tissue. CS DS chains usually attached to core proteins form of proteoglycans (PGs). They not only important structural substances but also bind a variety cytokines, growth factors, receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes fibrillary glycoproteins execute series biological functions. exhibit variable sulfation patterns different sequence arrangements, their molecular weights vary within large range, increasing complexity diversity CS/DS. The structure-function relationship CS/DS PGs directly indirectly involves them physiological pathological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests serves as an cofactor for many behaviors. Understanding basis these interactions helps elucidate occurrence development various diseases new therapeutic approaches. article reviews processes which participate through with proteins. Moreover, classic emerging glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interaction analysis tools applications CS/DS-protein characterization discussed.

Language: Английский

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