Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers

Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 360(6392), P. 987 - 992

Published: June 1, 2018

The global impacts of food production Food is produced and processed by millions farmers intermediaries globally, with substantial associated environmental costs. Given the heterogeneity producers, what best way to reduce food's impacts? Poore Nemecek consolidated data on multiple ∼38,000 farms producing 40 different agricultural goods around world in a meta-analysis comparing various types systems. cost same can be highly variable. However, this creates opportunities target small numbers producers that have most impact. Science , issue p. 987

Language: Английский

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Land use driven change in soil pH affects microbial carbon cycling processes

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Aug. 29, 2018

Abstract Soil microorganisms act as gatekeepers for soil–atmosphere carbon exchange by balancing the accumulation and release of soil organic matter. However, poor understanding mechanisms responsible hinders development effective land management strategies to enhance storage. Here we empirically test link between microbial ecophysiological traits topsoil content across geographically distributed soils use contrasts. We discovered distinct pH controls on accumulation. Land intensification in low-pH that increased above a threshold (~6.2) leads loss through decomposition, following alleviation acid retardation growth. with near-neutral was linked decreased biomass reduced growth efficiency was, turn, related trade-offs stress resource acquisition. Thus, less-intensive practices have more potential storage efficiency, whereas acidic soils, is bigger constraint decomposition rates.

Language: Английский

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Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Oct. 27, 2020

Abstract Sustainable soil carbon sequestration practices need to be rapidly scaled up and implemented contribute climate change mitigation. We highlight that the major potential for is in cropland soils, especially those with large yield gaps and/or historic organic losses. The implementation of measures requires a diverse set options, each adapted local conditions management opportunities, accounting site-specific trade-offs. propose establishment information system containing localised on group, degradation status, crop gap, associated carbon-sequestration potentials, as well provision incentives policies translate options into region- soil-specific practices.

Language: Английский

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Multifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage

International Materials Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 67(2), P. 150 - 200

Published: May 7, 2021

Biochar is produced as a charred material with high surface area and abundant functional groups by pyrolysis, which refers to the process of thermochemical decomposition organic at elevated temperatures in absence oxygen. The carbon component biochar relatively stable, and, hence, was originally proposed soil amendment store soil. has multifunctional values that include use it for following purposes: improve health, nutrient microbial carrier, immobilising agent remediation toxic metals contaminants water, catalyst industrial applications, porous mitigating greenhouse gas emissions odorous compounds, feed supplement animal health intake efficiency thus, productivity. This article provides first time an overview unintended consequences applications.

Language: Английский

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Global stocks and capacity of mineral-associated soil organic carbon

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: July 1, 2022

Abstract Soil is the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon and central for climate change mitigation carbon-climate feedbacks. Chemical physical associations soil with minerals play a critical role in storage, but amount global capacity storage this form remain unquantified. Here, we produce spatially-resolved estimates mineral-associated stocks carbon-storage by analyzing 1144 globally-distributed profiles. We show that current total 899 Pg C to depth 1 m non-permafrost mineral soils. Although constitutes 66% 70% surface deeper layers, respectively, it only 42% 21% mineralogical capacity. Regions under agricultural management layers undersaturation carbon. Critically, degree indicates sequestration efficiency over years decades. that, across 103 carbon-accrual measurements spanning interventions globally, soils furthest from their are more effective at accruing carbon; rates average 3-times higher one tenth compared half Our findings provide insights into world’s soils, store carbon, priority regions actions management.

Language: Английский

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30 years of free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 27 - 49

Published: Nov. 2, 2020

Abstract Free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) allows open‐air elevation of [CO ] without altering the microclimate. Its scale uniquely supports simultaneous study from physiology and yield to soil processes disease. In 2005 we summarized results then 28 published observations by meta‐analysis. Subsequent studies have combined FACE with temperature, drought, ozone, nitrogen treatments. Here, summarize now almost 250 observations, spanning 14 sites five continents. Across 186 independent 18 C 3 crops, ca. 200 ppm caused a 18% increase in under non‐stress conditions. Legumes root crops showed greater cereals less. Nitrogen deficiency reduced average 10%, as did warming 2°C. Two conclusions analysis were that 4 would not be more productive elevated ], except responses diminished wet Both stand test time. Further maize sorghum no increase, while soybean productivity was negatively affected early growing season levels nutrients, notably Zn Fe most lower protein seeds non‐leguminous crops. Testing across crop germplasm revealed sufficient variation maintain nutrient content rising ]. A strong correlation response genetic potential both rice observed. Rice cultivars highest 35% compared an 14%. Future experiments develop management strategies for co‐promoting sustainability future

Language: Английский

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Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 2591 - 2606

Published: April 19, 2019

Abstract Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) management practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops, and biochar applications) have been widely adopted to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring crop productivity. However, current measurements regarding the influences of CSA on SOC diverge widely, making it difficult derive conclusions about individual combined effects bringing large uncertainties in quantifying potential agricultural sector mitigate climate change. We conducted a meta‐analysis 3,049 paired from 417 peer‐reviewed articles examine three common as well environmental controlling factors. found that, average, applications represented most effective approach for increasing content (39%), followed by crops (6%) tillage (5%). Further analysis suggested that were more pronounced areas with relatively warmer climates or lower nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Our demonstrated through adopting practices, cropland could be an improved sink. also highlight importance considering local factors conditions their combination other practices) identifying appropriate mitigating

Language: Английский

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Digital mapping of GlobalSoilMap soil properties at a broad scale: A review

Geoderma, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 409, P. 115567 - 115567

Published: Nov. 30, 2021

Soils are essential for supporting food production and providing ecosystem services but under pressure due to population growth, higher demand, land use competition. Because of the effort ensure sustainable soil resources, demand current, updatable information capable decisions across scales is increasing. Digital mapping (DSM) addresses drawbacks conventional has been increasingly used delivering in a time- cost-efficient manner with spatial resolution, better map accuracy, quantified uncertainty estimates. We reviewed 244 articles published between January 2003 July 2021 then summarised progress broad-scale (spatial extent >10,000 km2) DSM, focusing on 12 mandatory properties GlobalSoilMap. observed that DSM publications continued increase exponentially; however, majority (74.6%) focused applications rather than methodology development. China, France, Australia, United States were most active countries, Africa South America lacked country-based products. Approximately 78% organic matter/carbon content carbon stocks because their significant role security climate regulation. Half topsoil only (<30 cm), studies deep (100–200 cm) less represented (21.7%). Relief, organisms, three frequently environmental covariates DSM. Nonlinear models (i.e. machine learning) have capacity manage complex interactions covariates. Soil pH was best predicted property (average R2 0.60, 0.63, 0.56 at 0–30, 30–100, 100–200 cm). Other relatively well-predicted clay, silt, sand, (SOC), matter (SOM), SOC stocks, bulk density, coarse fragments depth poorly (R2 < 0.28). In addition, decreasing model performance deeper intervals found properties. Further research should pursue rescuing legacy data, sampling new data guided by well-designed schemas, collecting representative covariates, improving interpretability advanced predictive models, relating indicators such as accuracy precision cost-benefit risk assessment analysis decision support; moving from static dynamic DSM; high-quality, fine-resolution digital maps address global challenges related resources.

Language: Английский

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The carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 73(6), P. 145A - 152A

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Terrestrial ecosystems, comprising vegetation and soil in uplands wetlands, significantly impact the global carbon (C) cycle and, under natural conditions, are a sink of atmospheric dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4). However, conversion to managed ecosystems (i.e., agroecosystems, urban lands, mined lands) depletes ecosystem C stocks, aggravates gaseous emissions, exacerbates radiative forcing. Thus, onset agriculture around 8000 BC presumably transformed these sinks into source greenhouse gases (GHGs) (Ruddiman 2003), mostly CO2, CH4, nitrous oxide (N2O), depleted terrestrial (soil, vegetation, peatlands) stocks. Ruddiman (2005) estimated depletion stock (soil vegetation) by 456 Pg (502.65 × 109 tn) since agriculture. Of this, historic organic (SOC) is at 130 135 (143.3 148.8 (Sanderman et al. 2017; Lal 2018). Therefore, recarbonization some biosphere an important strategy mitigate anthropogenic climate change (ACC) enhance other services because link between SOC concentration CO2 (Trenberth Smith 2005).

Language: Английский

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Exploring the multiple land degradation pathways across the planet

Earth-Science Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 220, P. 103689 - 103689

Published: May 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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